Intermolecular Forces

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts related to intermolecular forces, molecular attractions, solutions, and solubility, as discussed in Chapter 7.

Dipole

The separation of charge in a covalent bond, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.

Ion-Dipole

The strongest type of intermolecular interaction involving ions and polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bond

A special dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative elements such as F, N, or O.

Induced Dipole

A temporary dipole that occurs when nonpolar molecules become polar in the presence of polar molecules.

London Dispersion Forces

Also known as induced dipole-induced dipole attraction, this refers to temporary dipoles that occur in atoms or molecules due to uneven electron distribution.

Solvent

The component of a solution present in the largest quantity.

Solute

The component of a solution present in a smaller quantity.

Saturated Solution

A solution that cannot hold more solute at a given temperature.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that can still hold more solute.

Precipitation

The process where excess solute drops out of a saturated solution when the temperature decreases.

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

Temperature Affects Solubility

Solubility generally increases with rising temperature.

Soap vs. Detergent

Both can remove polar and nonpolar substances, but detergents are synthetically made to enhance efficiency.

Ion Exchange

The process of changing hard water ions, such as calcium and magnesium, to sodium ions to soften water.

Dipole

The separation of charge in a covalent bond, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.

Ion-Dipole

The strongest type of intermolecular interaction involving ions and polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bond

A special dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative elements such as F, N, or O.

Induced Dipole

A temporary dipole that occurs when nonpolar molecules become polar in the presence of polar molecules.

London Dispersion Forces

Also known as induced dipole-induced dipole attraction, this refers to temporary dipoles that occur in atoms or molecules due to uneven electron distribution.

Solvent

The component of a solution present in the largest quantity.

Solute

The component of a solution present in a smaller quantity.

Saturated Solution

A solution that cannot hold more solute at a given temperature.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that can still hold more solute.

Precipitation

The process where excess solute drops out of a saturated solution when the temperature decreases.

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

Temperature Affects Solubility

Solubility generally increases with rising temperature.

Soap vs. Detergent

Both can remove polar and nonpolar substances, but detergents are synthetically made to enhance efficiency.

Ion Exchange

The process of changing hard water ions, such as calcium and magnesium, to sodium ions to soften water.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with a net dipole moment due to uneven sharing of electrons and asymmetric molecular geometry.

Nonpolar Molecule

A molecule where electrons are shared equally between atoms or the dipoles cancel each other out due to symmetric molecular geometry.

Like Dissolves Like

A principle stating that polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.