History and Historical Research Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from Module 1.1 through Module 2.4, including historiography, primary sources, theories of history, content analysis, the First Mass controversy, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny, Rizal's retraction, and the Cry of Pugadlawin/Balintawak.

What is the etymological origin and meaning of the word "history"?

It comes from the Greek word "Historie" or "Historia," which means learning, inquiry, and or investigation.

According to E. Kent Rogers, what are the two main reasons for studying history?

To know more about the roots of our current culture and to learn about human nature by analyzing repeating trends to aid decision-making and future planning.

What is the key distinction between "the past" and "history"?

The past includes everything that has ever happened since the dawn of time, whereas history is the process of interpreting evidence or records from the past in a thoughtful and informed way.

How does history differ from prehistory in terms of documentation?

The main difference is the existence of written records; history is the record of significant past events, while prehistory is the period of human activity prior to the invention of writing systems.

What is the difference between historicity and historiography?

Historicity is the documentation of characters and events in history as opposed to legend or myth, whereas historiography is the writing of history and the study of how historians' interpretations change over time.

What is meant by the term "herstory"?

A term invented in the late 20th century to refer to history written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women or told from a woman's point of view.

What process is illustrated in this flow diagram regarding historical investigation?

The Historical Research Method, which involves examining relevant references, collecting information, formulating questions, critically examining sources, and writing a historical narrative.

How do the Cyclical View and Linear View of history differ in their interpretation of time and progress?

The Cyclical View sees history as endless repetition with no ultimate goal, whereas the Linear View sees history as progressive, moving forward along a timeline toward a specific goal.

What is the core assertion of the Great Man View of history?

It suggests that dominant personalities such as rulers, warriors, and statesmen are the decisive forces in history, and history is the record of great people's deeds.

What is the core view of Postmodernism regarding the overall trajectory of history?

Unlike worldviews that see divine purpose or linear progress, radical Postmodernism sees no ultimate purpose in history.

What defines a primary source in historical research?

A source created or narrated by participants and eyewitnesses during or nearly after the event's occurrence, providing direct, first-hand information about the subject.

What is the distinction between external criticism and internal criticism of historical documents?

External criticism evaluates the physical authenticity and genuineness of a document (such as paper, ink, and language), while internal criticism evaluates the truthfulness, accuracy, and credibility of the content itself.

According to Klaus Krippendorff, what six items must be addressed in every content analysis?

1) Which data are analyzed, 2) How data are defined, 3) From what population data are drawn, 4) What is the relevant context, 5) What are the boundaries of the analysis, and 6) What is to be measured.

What is the difference between conceptual analysis and relational analysis in content analysis?

Conceptual analysis establishes the existence and frequency of concepts in a text, whereas relational analysis examines the relationships among concepts within the text.

What is "contextual analysis" in historical research?

An analysis that assesses a text within its historical and cultural setting, combining formal analysis with the study of social, political, economic, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic conditions at the time of creation.

In document analysis, what does the term "subtext" refer to?

The secondary and implied meanings of a document, encompassing the emotional or intellectual messages embedded in or indicated by the text.

What are the nine criteria for assessing the historical significance of sources listed by Solmerano et al. (2018)?

Relevance, Resonance, Remarkable, Remembered, Revealing, Resulting in Change, Durability, Quantity, and Profundity.

Who is the Italian scholar and explorer depicted here who chronicled Ferdinand Magellan's first voyage around the world?

Antonio Pigafetta, an explorer from the Republic of Venice who studied astronomy, geography, and cartography, and was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522.

When and where was the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines held, and who officiated it?

It was held on March 31, 1521 (Eastern Sunday), officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama at Mazaua (identified as Limasawa, Southern Leyte).

What was the recommendation of the panel of experts led by Resil Mojares regarding the site of the 1521 First Mass?

The panel unanimously agreed that the 1521 Easter Sunday Mass was held in Limasawa (specifically Barangay Triana / Saub Point) and that pro-Butuan arguments were insufficient to reverse the earlier rulings.

Why did the NHCP expert panel reject Gabriel Atega's reliance on longitudinal coordinates to argue for Butuan as the First Mass site?

Because longitudinal measurements during the Age of Exploration were imprecise and scientifically unreliable, as marine clocks (invented by John Harrison) were not developed until the 1760s.

What two major historic events occurred in the Philippines in the year 1872?

The Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872) and the martyrdom of the three priests GOMBURZA (Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora) by garrote execution on February 17, 1872.

Who is the Spanish Governor-General shown here who implicated the native clergy in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny?

Governor-General Rafael De Izquierdo.

According to Spanish accounts by Jose Montero y Vidal and Gov. Gen. Izquierdo, what event triggered the attack on the Cavite arsenal on January 20, 1872?

Mutineers led by Sergeant LA Madrid mistook fireworks from the feast of the Virgin of Loreto in Sampaloc as the pre-concerted rocket signal from Intramuros to begin the uprising.

According to Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, what was the actual cause of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny?

It was a simple mutiny caused by the dissatisfaction of native soldiers and arsenal laborers following Governor-General Izquierdo's abolition of their privileges, such as exemption from tribute and forced labor.

What controversial document is depicted in this image containing Spanish text and English translation?

The alleged Retraction Document of Dr. José Rizal, dated December 29, 1896, in which he declares himself a Catholic and retracts anti-Catholic writings.

What major discovery occurred on May 18, 1935, regarding the Rizal retraction controversy?

Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M., discovered the alleged "original" text of Rizal's retraction in the archdiocesan archives after it had been missing for thirty-nine years.

What textual differences were found between Fr. Balaguer's copy of Rizal's retraction and the 1935 "original" text?

Balaguer's copy used "mi calidad" instead of "mi cualidad", omitted the word "Catolica", added the word "misma", contained 11 commas instead of 4, changed paragraphing, and originally lacked witness signatures.

Where did the historical phrase "el Grito de rebelion" originate prior to its application to the Philippine Revolution?

It was used by 19th-century journalists for Spanish colonial uprisings such as Mexico's "Cry of Dolores" (1810), Brazil's "Cry of Ypiraga" (1822), and Cuba's "Cry of Matanza" (1895).

Who is the Katipunan leader and eyewitness pictured here whose varying accounts created controversy regarding the date and location of the "Cry"?

Dr. Pio Valenzuela.

Why was the official celebration of the "Cry of Balintawak" on August 26 changed to the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" on August 23 in 1963?

President Diosdado Macapagal ordered the change following the campaign and endorsement of historian Teodoro Agoncillo, who relied on the later memoirs of Dr. Pio Valenzuela.

According to historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion, and Ramon Villegas, when and where was the Philippine revolutionary government established?

On August 24, 1896, at Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barrio Banlat, Kalookan, where Andres Bonifacio was designated Kataastaasang Pangulo of the revolutionary government.