Chapter 2 Population

agricultural density

number of farmers divided by total amt of arable land. low density = high mechanization, high density = heavy hand labor

antinatalist policy

govt. strategy designed to discourage population growth by lowering birth rates and reducing family sizes. eg. china’s one-child policy (1979-2015), family planning programs in India (1950s-1970s)

arithmetic density

total number of people divided by total land area. measuresoveral crowding, does not show where ppl live of if land is good for farming FORMULA: _________= total population/total land area

baby boomer

individs. born between 1946 and 1964, during a period marked by significant increase in birth rates following WW2. WW2=1939-1945

baby bust

sharp, sudden drop in society’s birth rate + fertility rate, usually following a period of high pop. growth/baby boom. eg: the u.s. baby bust (1960s-1970s)= following post WW2 baby boom.

cairo plan

international strategy aiming to stabilize global pop. growth by 2025 thru socioeconomic development, women’s education, + reproductive health care center rather than coercive population control.

carrying capacity

max capacity of ppl that an area can support wlo running out of resources like food, water, and land

contraception

devices, methods, or medications used to prevent pregnancy

cornucopia theory

human ingenuity technology, and free markets will solve resource scarcity caused by pop. growth. Earth’s carrying capacity isn’t fixed but expandable. “more ppl = more problem solvers”

crude birth rate

number of births per year for each 1,000 ppl

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1,000 ppl in a population in a single year.

demographic momentum

a pop. keeps growing even after birth rates drop to replacement level : happens bc a large group of young ppl are alr alive and entering their child-bearing yrs, =total births still outnumber deaths for many years.

demographic transition model

5 stage model explaining how birth, death rates, and pop. growth change overtime as societies develop. 1. high birth/death rates, pop. growth near zero……2. high birth rates, death rates drop sharply due to better medicine, sanitation, and food supply……..3. birth rates decline rapidly as urbanization increases and women gain more access to education and jobs, pop. growth begins to slow down………4. low birth rates and low death rates, pop. growth stable but very low……..5. birth rates drop lower than death rates, overall pop. begins to shrink unless sustained by high immigration.

demography

statistical study of human pop., focusing on size, composition, distribution, and changes overtime.

dependency ratio

demographic measure comparing non-working age pop. (children under 15 to over 64) to working pop. (ages 15 to 64). indicates economic pressure placed on active workforce by dependents. number of dependents per 100 working age citizens

doubling time

number of yrs it takes for a pop. to double in size at constant growth rate. FORMULA: doubling time = 70 / RNI (%) RNI = rate of natural increase

ecumene

the inhabited world. it is all land humans have permanently settled, farmed, and built on. inside ecumene: tokyo, NYC, mumbai. outside ecumene: Sahara desert or Antarctica.

epidemiology transition model

explains why the cause of deaths shift from infectious to chronic diseases as countries develop.

epidemiology

branch of medical science that studies distribution, causes, and control of diseases in pop.

infant mortality rate

number of deaths of children under one year old per 1,000 live births in a year.

life expectancy at birth

avg. number of yrs a person born in a given place in expected to live under current mortality conditions.

medical revolution

the diffusion of medical tech and practics - originally invented in europe + north america - to developing countries in latin america, asia, and africa

natural increase rate

percentage a pop. grows or shrinks in a year due exclusively to births and deaths, completely excluding migration

neo-malthusianism

argues that rapid population growth will outpace all global resources - clean water, energy, arable land - causes severe environmental degradation

one-child policy

pop. control method implemented by Chinese govt. in 1979. designed to drastically curb rapid pop. growth by limiting families to a single child.

pandemic

outbreak of a disease that spreads across a very wide geographic area.

physiological density

number of ppl per unit of arable land. FORMULA: total population / arable land area

population pyramid/ age-sex diagram

back to back bar graph displays pop’s composition by age and sex. males go on one side, females on the other. population / 5 yr age groups called cohorts.

protanalist policy

govt. strategy that encourages citizens to have more kids + boost birth rates. EX: japan= offers financial support for fertility treatments, expanded daycare access, and companies to promote family-friendly work hours.

thomas malthus

18th century English economist, theorized that population grows exponentially (geometrically) while food supply grows linearly (arithmetically). (population grows faster than food supply, without checks, we face famine diseases and conflict.

total fertility rate

avg. number of kids a woman would have during her child bearing years based on current birth rates (roughly ages 15 to 49)

zero population growth

demographic condition where a country’s population size stays stable bc the number of births equals the number of deaths, resulting in a rate of natural increase of zero.

pronatalist

person who supports or encourages having children to raise birth rates

demographic

specific data point or a group of ppl categorized by shared traits like age, gender, income, or race.