Ch5-12 (drug nomenclature - absorption and distribution)

drug chemical name used by ____

scientists

drug generic name used by ____

health care provider

drug trade name used by ____

general public

FDA: government agency that oversees drug ____ and ____

• focus on ____ and ____ of the drug

testing, approval, efficacy, safety

phases of drug testing - step 1

• ____ trials

• on ____ subjects

• time = ____

preclinical, animal, 1-2 yrs

phases of drug testing - step 2

• ____ trials

  • phase 1

    • subjects = _____

    • time = _____

  • phase 2

    • subjects = ____

    • time = _____

  • phase 3

    • subjects = ____

    • time = ____

clinical, healthy volunteers, <1yr, small patient sample, 2 yrs, larger smaple, 3 yrs

phases of drug testing - step 3

• approved for _____

• post-marketing ____

marketing, surveillance

implications of drug testing/approval

• drug ____

• ____ in US vs other countries

• failure to identify ____

cost, availability, side effects

drug prescribing

• prescription meds = from _____

• over the counter meds = _____

physician, consumer

____ wont independently change from prescription to ____

• _____ must initiate

FDA, OTC, drug company

pharmacokinetics - how the ____ handles ____

• 5 components:

• all things that arent ____ effect

body, drugs, administration, absorption, metabolism, elimination, toxicity, therapeutic

pharmocodynamics - what the ___ does to the ____

• drug ____

• ____ on target

• effects on other ____

• ____ effects

drug, system, target, action, tissues, adverse

enteral root of admin. = going through _____

• ____ to administer but ____ predictable

digestive tract, easy, less

parenteral root of admin. = not going through ____

• ____ to administer but ____ predictable

digestive system, more complicated, more

absorption and distribution can be affected by

• ____ route

• ____ properties of drugs

• various ____ and ____

administration, chemical, barriers, carriers

protein binding in blood stream helps stay in blood stream ____

• only ____ drug enters interstitial fluid

• extends ____ life

• ____ drug gets to target site

longer, free, half, less

protein binding in blood stream

• if take another drug that competes with the ___ binding, it is like ____ dose of the ____ drug because ___ will go into circulation

protein, increasing, first, more

____ molecules diffuse slower than ____ molecules

ex: ____ doesn’t diffuse into capillaries because its too big

large, small, botox

primary problems of drug storage

• local ____ damage

• ____

tissue, redistribution

two ways to eliminate a drug

metabolism and excretion

elimination of a drug - metabolism

• drug changes to ____ or ____ active metabolite

inactive, less

primary site of drug metabolism

liver

primary side of drug excretion

kidneys

factors affecting normal pharmokinetics

• ____: liver/kidney

• ____: water content

• ____: hormone digestion effect liver enzymes

• ____: difference in liver enzymes/target proteins

disease, age, gender, genetics

pharmokinetics - implications for rehab

• ____ of sessions

• effects on _____/____

  • increased by ___, exercise, ____

  • decreased by ____

• help recognize ____ drug response

timing, absorption, distribution, heat, massage, cold, improper