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famine foods
food people forced to eat during periods of famine
ex. chestnuts, dandelions/grass, bark, and sometimes people resorted to cannibalism
The spread of the Agricultural Revolution (Where did it start and go from there?)
Began in the Low Countries (Netherlands/Dutch Republic)
dense population, so needed efficient agriculture
well-developed markets bc of overseas trading
allows farmers to specialize - switch to commercial agriculture
England then follows, and it eventually spreads to the rest of Europe.
Open-field system
a farming system where land is divided into strips and worked by different farmers, allowing for communal grazing and crop rotation
field rotation
a system of alternating fallow and used portions of a field to maintain soil fertility - only used 1/2-2/3 of the land each season
Enclosure system
a farming system that includes the privatization and fencing off of previously communal farmland, often resulting in the displacement of peasant farmers and increased agricultural efficiency.
crop rotation
a practice of rotating different crops in the same area across seasons to improve soil health - uses all of the land at once
proletarianization
the change from small peasant farmers to landless wage earners (proletarians)
a result of the enclosure system, where peasants couldn’t afford to pay for their lands to be fenced and were forced to sell them
Cottage Industry/Putting-out system/Protoindustrialization
when rural wage earners used hand tools to produce goods @ home for urban capitalists
merchants loaned raw materials to workers who processed them and then returned the finished products to the merchant
industrious revolution
a period of change in the early modern economy where households increased their labor and productivity, leading to greater economic independence and wealth - more women and children were working
creoles
full-blood Europeans born in the New World
debt peonage
system developed in Spanish mines of keeping workers in perpetual debt by the continual advancement of food and shelter
