bio 6

movement of molecules in passive transport

substance can cross membrane
without any input of energy.

movement of of molecules in simple diffusion

movement of molecules from
an area of high concentration to low conc., most simple.

what is concentration gradient

difference in concentration of
molecules across a distance

what is equilibrium

concentration of molecules are in equality

what is osmosis

water molecules diffuse from high to
low concentration, across a semi permeable membrane.

in osmosis that type of membrane does the water molecules pass through

a semi permeable membrane

what is hypotonic

solution concentrate is lower that inside cell

what is hypertonic

solution concentrate is higher than inside cell

what is isotonic solution

inside and outside of cell are equal

what is a solvent

substance there is more of and dissolves other substance

what is a solute

substances that dissolve the substance

what is a solution

a mixture of substances that is equally mixed throughout

what are the functions of cell membranes

Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an
internal balance called homeostasis

Provides protection and support for the cell.

Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it.

what is a selectivly permeable membrane

allows some molecules in and keeps other molecules out

examples of diffusion

smelling cooked food

perfume

food coloring spread out in water

When smelling body spray where is the smell strongest
and where is the smell weakest?

smell at the source is the strongest. diffusion means the smell spreads out and gets weaker further away from the source.

types of cellular transportation

passive transport

active transport

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what are the types of passive transport

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

types of active transport

protein pumps

edocytosis

exocytosis

what is facilitated diffusion

diffusion os specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane

what is diffusion

random movement
of particles from an area of high
concentration to

when does diffusion continue until

diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly space(equilibrium is reached)

factors that affect the rate of diffusion

size of molecules, size of pores in membrane, temperature, pressure, and concentration

where is diffusion occuring in our body

Diffusion occurs in the organ systems that control your
breathing, circulation, digestion and other life processes.

diffusion and breathing

Breathing involves the exchange of
gases in the lungs, a process which
occurs by diffusion.

what is the vital gas that you breathe in

oxygen

what is the waste you breathe out

carbon dioxide

why do lungs have a huge surface area

to maximize the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with each breath

where does gas exchange in the lungs take place

the alveoli, the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles

what does inhaling increase

the concentration of oxygen molecules in an alveolus

what are transport proteins

they select only certain molecules to cross the membranes

what is osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane,
where water moves from high to low concentrations

osmosis real life example

1\.When we water plants, we usually water the stem end and soil in which they are growing. Hence,
the roots of the plants absorb water and from the roots water travel to different parts of plants; be it
leaves, fruits or flowers. Every root acts as a semipermeable barrier, which allows water molecules to
transfer from high concentration (soil) to low concentration (roots). Roots have hair, which increases
surface area and hence the water intake by the plants.

how does osmosos help get pure water

RO Reverse Osmosis is the process of Osmosis in
reverse. Whereas Osmosis occurs naturally, without the involvement of energy; however, to
reverse the process of osmosis, you need to apply energy to the more saline solution. A
reverse osmosis membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows the passage of
water molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts, organics, bacteria and pyrogens.
However, you need to ‘push’ the water through the reverse osmosis membrane by applying
pressure that is greater than the naturally occurring osmotic pressure in order to desalinate
(demineralize or deionize) water in the process; allowing pure water to pass through while
holding back a majority of contaminants. Reverse Osmosis is also used in large scale
desalination of seawater; turning it into drinking water.

what is reverse osmosis

the process of osmosis in reverese

what is a reverse osmosis membrane

a semi-permeable membrane that allows the passage of
water molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts, organics, bacteria and pyrogens.
However, you need to ‘push’ the water through the reverse osmosis membrane by applying
pressure that is greater than the naturally occurring osmotic pressure in order to desalinate
(demineralize or deionize) water in the process; allowing pure water to pass through while
holding back a majority of contaminants.

how is osmosis responsible for pruned or wrinkled fingers

Fingers-When we sit in the bathtub or
submerge our fingers in water for a while they got wrinkly. And that is too because of
osmosis. The skin of our fingers absorb water and get expanded or bloated; leading to the
pruned or wrinkled fingers.

why dod we feel thirsty after eating slaty food

Fingers-When we sit in the bathtub or
submerge our fingers in water for a while they got wrinkly. And that is too because of
osmosis. The skin of our fingers absorb water and get expanded or bloated; leading to the
pruned or wrinkled fingers.

how does kidney dialysis a example os osmosis

In this process, the dialyzer removes waste products from a patient’s
blood through a dialyzing membrane(acts as a semi-permeable membrane) and passes them
into the dialysis solution tank. The red blood cells being larger in size cannot pass through
the membrane and are retained in the blood. Thus, by the process of osmosis waste materials
are continuously removed from the blood.

what are the differnces and simalarities between osmosis and diffusion

what are the 3 types of osmotic solutions

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

what is a hypotonic solution

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water outside side than inside of the cell. (Low solute; High water) so the water moves from the solution to inside the cell and the cell swell and busrts and open

what is cytolysis

when the cell swells burst and open

what is a hypertonic solution

The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) so the water moves from inside the cell into the solution and the cell shrinks

what is plasmolysis

when the cell shrinks

what is isotonic solution

The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. so the water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains the same size which is dynamic equilibrium

what is dynamic equilibrium

Water moves equally in both directions and
the cell remains same size!

what is cytoplasm

a solution of water and solids

why does the water move into and out of the cells

because of the different concentrations of the solutes

how does bacteria deal with osmotic pressure

Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them
from over-expanding.

what is turgor pressure

In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called turgor pressure.

how does protists deal with osmotic pressure

A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that
collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them
from over-expanding.

what is active transport

Movement from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration

what are the types of active transport

protein pumps

edocytosis

exocytosis

what is protein pumps

transport proteins that require energy to do work

what is endocytosis

it forms food vacuole and digests food, this is how hite blood cells eat bacteria.

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engulfs substances by enclosing in a membranous vesicle

what are the 2 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

what is phagocytosis

cell eating

what is pinocytosis

cell drinking

what is exocytosis

Endocytosis is a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large
molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell.

active transport in plants

Plants need mineral elements from the soil for healthy
growth. Minerals enter a plant though its roots.

how do mineral enter a root cell

active transport.

The plant uses energy to move minerals up the
concentration gradient from the soil into its root cells.

why is diffusion important int he human body

breathing

calcium

kidneys

liver

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how is diffusiion used in breathing

oxygen only gets into your bloodstream when the O2
molecules you breathe in diffuse into deoxygenated blood. Breathing in and out is a mechanical action,
not diffusion, but the oxygen actually enters your bloodstream through diffusion.

how does diffusion occur in the kidneys

Kidneys filter dangerous
chemicals from your bloodstream through microscopic tubes called nephrons. Nephrons separate blood from
waste chemicals and toxins, then reabsorb the water and nutrients in the blood through diffusion. The rest
goes through the bladder and out.

how does diffusion occur in the liver

Your liver does all sorts of interesting things, but at the top of the list, it synthesizes proteins. You
need those. Your body is made of them. In the process, it produces a potentially dangerous waste product
called urea. Thankfully for you and your liver, the urea then diffuses into the bloodstream just upstream of
your aforementioned kidneys, where it's filtered out.

Water

what is the difference between breathing and respiration

Breathing is the process in which living
organisms take in oxygen and give out carbon
dioxide.

Respiration is the process in which the glucose
is burnt in the presence of oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water and energy .

Breathing takes place outside the body

Respiration takes place inside the body

what is respiration

Respiration is a series of metabolic/chemical
reactions that takes place in every living cell.

It is a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines
with food in a cell to release the energy.

what is the purpose of respiration

The purpose of respiration is to break down nutrient
molecules in living cells to release energy.

what are the 2 types of respiaration

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

what is aerobic respiration

The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food
substances in the presence of O2.

what is anaerobic respiration

the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the
breakdown of food substances in the absence of O2.

comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

which types of respiration uses oxygen

aerobic respiration

which type of respiration does not use oxygen

anaerobic respiration

how much energy is released in aerobic respiration

large amount of respiration is released

how much energy is released in anaerobic respiration

small amount of energy is released

examples of anaerobic respiration through fermentation in bread making and brewing

* yeast is mixed with water to activate it then added to flour to make dough
* mixture -----> warm place ------> rise
* yeast releases CO2 ------> dough rises
* a warm to is important because fermentation is controlled by enzymes
* when dough is cooked, high to kills yeast and evaporates any formed
ethanol.

air spaces are left where CO2 was trapped

examples of anaerobic respiration through fermentation in physical excersice

Muscles respire anaerobically when exercising vigorously, because the
blood cannot supply enough oxygen to maintain aerobic respiration.
However, the formation and build-up of lactic acid in muscles causes cramp
(muscle fatigue). Glucose-----Lactic acid + Energy

The lactic acid that is made is transported to the liver, and later is broken
down by combining it with O2. This extra O2 is breathed in after the exercise
has stopped, and it is known as the oxygen debt.

anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

it is also known as fermentation.

what is oxygen debt

Anaerobic respiration provides enough energy to
keep the muscles working for a short time.

However lactic acid builds up in the blood which
causes cramps.

The lactic acid has to be broken down using
oxygen.

The volume of oxygen needed to completely
oxidise the lactic acid that builds up in the body
during anaerobic respiration is called oxygen
debt.

what are the methods of lactate clearence

oxidation

conversion to glucose

what is oxidation

Most of the lactate that accumulates during exercise is oxidized to
produce energy. Lactate remaining in your muscles is transported
into organelles within the muscle cells called mitochondria. Inside
the mitochondria, often called the powerhouse of the cell, lactate
is converted into a compound called pyruvate, which, in turn, can
be oxidized aerobically to produce energy.

what is conversion to glucose

Your liver converts lactate into glucose, or blood sugar, a process
called gluconeogenesis. Glucose, released into the bloodstream,
serves as a fuel source for many tissues in the body, including
your brain and muscles.

what happens to glucose in cellular respiration

it loses it hydrogen atoms and bceomes reduced to Co2

what happens to oxygen in cellular respiration

gains hydrogen molecules and becomes reduced to H20

what is the first stage of cellular respiration

glycolysis

where does glycolosis take place

in the cells cytoplasm/cytosol

what is glycolysis

Glucose and oxygen are supplied to cells by the bloodstream. The energy
molecule NAD acts as a shuttle for electrons during cellular respiration. At various
chemical reactions, the NAD+ picks up an electron from glucose, at which point it
becomes NADH.

in glycolysis how mnay molecules of ATP are produced

2

in glycolosis how mnay molecules of pyruvic acid and NADH are produced

2

what is NADH

(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide +
Hydrogen)

what is produced in glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH

what are the reactants of glycosis

NAD+, glucose, ADP+o2

where does krebs cycle/citric acid cycle take place

This cycle takes place in the matrix of cell mitochondria.

what is the first thing that happens in the krebs cycle

pyruvic acid converts to acetyl-Coa

what happens to the acetyl-Coa in the second step of the krebs cycle

acetyl-CoA, which reacts with the four-carbon molecule known as OAA
(Oxaloacetate). During the bonding with OAA, it produces citric acid.

what is produced during the krebs cycle

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4 ATP (contains 2 molecules from Glycolysis)

10 NADH (contains 2 molecules from Glycolysis)

2 FADH2