Biotechnologies and Genetic Engineering Tools

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms from the lecture on biotechnologies and tools used in genetic engineering.

DNA is very long …

.. which makes it hard to work with when kept whole

Restriction enzymes are also known as __.

endonucleases

Restriction enzymes cut DNA into pieces so that __ is easier to work with.

the DNA

Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA in these places __.

only

When used, restriction enzymes produce ends of DNA known as __ or blunt ends.

sticky ends

Restriction enzymes are named for the __ from which they come.

bacteria

Ligases are used to ..

… join segments of DNA together.

Gel electrophoresis uses an agarose gel immersed in a __ solution.

buffer

In gel electrophoresis, smaller fragments move …

… faster than larger fragments

DNA samples are run on a gel with a standard ladder of DNA fragments of __ sizes.

known

The process used to amplify copies of DNA is called __.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

In the PCR process, the first step is denaturation, where the temperature is raised to __ °C.

95

During PCR, primers bind to the target DNA sequences at the __ ends.

3’

The polymerase enzyme used in PCR is ..

Taq polymares

Gene cloning involves placing a whole gene into bacterial cell’s __.

plasmids

In recombinant plasmid creation, ligase is added to permanently bond the target gene and __.

plasmid

Once recombinant plasmids have been created, transferring them into bacterial cells is known as __.

bacterial transformation

Whole organism cloning involves fusing a __ cell with a denucleated egg cell.

somatic body

Applications of biotechnologies include crime solving, determining __, and pesticide resistant crops.

paternity