Forestry

Roots

All belowground parts of trees, may sometimes be above ground

Act as an anchor, gets/stores food n water, may be part of reproduction

Trunk

Aboveground woody part, below canopy

Transports water/nutrients throughout tree

Canopy

Leaves and branches

Photosynthesis, hormones, and transpiration

Root hairs

small outgrowths from lateral roots, continuously being created, die off in 2-3 weeks, main purpose to increase surface area to allow for absorb more water and nutrients

lateral roots

the bigger root structure made of vascular tissue that helps transport nutrients and water throughout the tree

Epidermis

Outer layer of root that protects, insulates, and controls gas and moisture. Absorbs some water and nutrients, continuously dying off and replaced by cella from exodermis—like shark teeth

Exodermis

Layer underneath epidermis that replaces it—”epidermis heir”

Cortex

Stores energy and transfers nutrients from root hairs to vascular tissue

Between exo and endo dermis

Endodermis

Innermost layer of cells with thick cell walls, may be coated in suberin, regulates water and nutrients movement. Between cortex and pericycle

Suberin

Water-repellant substance that helps keep endodermis watertight

Pericycle

Site of new lateral root growth, provides internal support and protection. inside of endodermis

Vascular tissue

Bundle of cells that helps transport nutrients and water from roots to rest of tree

Tree osmosis

They increase salt concentration in roots so water flows in, carrying dissolved minerals

bark purpose

protection, insulation, moisture control

Outer bark

Made of dead cells(cork). Has lenticels and phellem. Is on the very outside

Inner bark

Transports sap and nutrients throughout tree. becomes outer bark when it ages. Has phloem

Vascular Cambium

Basically the stem cells of tree where most growht happen-differentiates into phloem and xylem

Phloem

Transports sap (sugar and other nutrients) up AND down tree. cells make sieve tubes (hollow tubes) with sieve plates that make them into smaller sections allowing for 2 direction movement

Xylem

Transports water and minerals only up the tree. They form vessel elements (hollow tubes)

Lenticels

Oxygen pores for tree

Sapwood

Main water transporter, becomes heartwood once it ages

Heartwood

Rot resistant and strong, made of dead xylem and fiber bundles. supports tree

pith

Made of parenchyma cells, soft and spongy. Transports/stores water and nutrients

Parenchyma cells

Make of majority of plant cells and give support and nutrients to xylem and phloem

Fiber bundles

Bundles of long thin cells mostly made of cellulose that provide support

Early wood

When good conditions (like enough water, sun, etc) tree grow fast make light, less dense wood growth ring

Late wood

Conditions (approaching winter) causing darker denser growth ring

Epidermis

Outer layer for protection and insulation. Has waxy cuticle

Mesophyll

Tube arranged parenchyma cells

Palisade mesophyll

Tightly packed parenchyma for lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll

Loosly packed parenchyma to allow gas movement and get CO2 to the chloroplasts

Stoma

Air holes that are opened and closed by guard cells, regulate gas exchange

Vascular bundle

Xylem/phloem bundles that provide water and nutrients for transpiration + photosynthesis, and take photosynthesis sugars to other parts of tree

6 reqs of trees

1. Sugar

2. Water

3. nutrients

   1. CHOPKNSCaFeMg

4. Hormones + enzymes

5. Mycorrhizae

6. Correct environment

See hopkins cafe? It might be good

C HOPKNS CaFe Mg

essential tree elements!!

Opposite branching

branches symmetrical

Alternate Branching

Branches ate not directly across from each other

Whorled branching

Multiple branches coming out of one point

MAD Cap HORSE

Plants with opposite branching

Maple

Ash

Dogwood

Caprifoliacae

Hose chestnut

Simple leaf

There is only one leaf next to the axillary leaf bud

Pinnate leaf

There is a stalk with leaves coming off the stalk after the axillary bud

Bipinnate leaf

there is a stalk and on that stalk there are more stalks after the axillary bud

Palmately compound leaf

after the axillary bud, there is a stalk where leaves all stem from one point

Dominant Trees Crown

The Crown is higher than general canopy and receives full light from above as well as some light from the side

Codominant trees crown

The crown makes up most of the general canopy, and it gets direct light from above but little light from the sides.

intermediate trees crown

generally narrow and shorter than general canopy, and receive some direct light from above

suppressed trees crown

the tree is shortest and receive no direct light from anywhere.

Massachusetts state tree

American Elm

Forest canopy/overstory

the topmost level of the forest, made of dominant and codominant tall trees