UNC Biology 101 Final

temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

habitat isolation

Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats preventing mating

behavioral isolation

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

mechanical isolation

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

gametic isolation

A prezygotic reproductive barrier where the sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species

prezygotic barriers

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

postzygotic barriers

barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

reduced hybrid fertility

Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile

reduced hybrid viability

When the genes of different species interact and impair hybrid development.

hybrid breakdown

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.

Node

A branching point on a cladogram.

Clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Taxa

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Law

Descriptive statement or generalization

Structure and Function

THEME: each major group of organisms has evolved structures that make particular functions possible

Interactions within and between systems

THEME: different systems coming together to form one uniform goal or function or even to communicate with other systems to maintain balance

Flow of Information

THEME: genetic information and the processes of going from genotype to phenotype

Transformation of energy and matter

THEME: all living things acquire, use, and release matter and energy for cellular/organismal functioning

Evolution

THEME: Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods that provide energy

Nucleic Acids

macromolecules that form when long chains of molecules called nucleotides join together

Dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

Hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

saturated fatty acid

fatty acid chain with no double bonds, thus it is not bent; they pack closely together and thus are solid at room temp; less healthy

Unsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid chain containing one or more double bonds making it bent; they can't pack close together and thus are liquid at room temp; more healthy than saturated

Triglycerides

Glycerol and three fatty acids

Trans fat

Unsaturated fats that are chemically converts the kinked double bonded chains into being straight like a saturated fat

Phosopholipids

monomers with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails; make up cell membranes

Amphiphilic molecules

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups

Amino acids

monomers of proteins; 20 of them

Primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain

secondary structure

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet of amino acids

Tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Quartenary structure

two or more polypeptides interact to form a functional protein

Peptide bond

The chemical covalent bond that forms between two amino acids

Hydrogen bonds

hold secondary structure together between amino acid chains

starch

energy storage polysaccharide in plants

cellulose

Carbohydrate polysaccharide component of plant cell walls.

chitin

A structural polysaccharide in animals

glycogen

energy storage polysaccharide for animals

prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Golgi body

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

ribosomes

Makes proteins

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Vesicle

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that causes glucose receptors to take up the excess glucose in the blood

Glycogen

stored glucose in the liver and muscle that is released when blood sugar is low

Type I diabetes

when their body doesn't create insulin

Type II diabetes

when the signaling of insulin is defective

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar; could be caused by excess insulin that uptakes the glucose in the blood

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar due to lack of insulin

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentration

Aquaporins

water channel proteins through membranes

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Simple Diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference; bulk transport

Phagocytosis

Cell eating; bulk transport

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; bulk transport

Osmosis

passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Active site

The part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs.

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

competitive inhibition

substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

non-competitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location not at the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

Cellular work

chemical, transport, mechanical; when ATP's lost phosphate attaches to desired task

Metabolic water

water generated during cellular respiration that exits as urine

Glycolysis

the breakdown of carbohydrates in the cytoplasm

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

Pyruvate oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.

Citric Acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

oxidative phosphorylation

Part of the electron transport chain. A process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.

Electron transport chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

Chemiosmosis

Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen

Calvin Cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which CO2, energy from ATP. and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

Light reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use water and light energy to produce oxygen, ATP and NADPH

ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Asexual reproduction

one parent; offspring genetically identical to parent and each other

Sexual reproduction

two parents; offspring is genetically different from parents and each other

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes