Psychopathology : The Studies and The Names

DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY

Jahoda

Rosenham and Seligman

Jahoda

Criteria for deviations from ideal mental health

Rosenham and Seligman

Criteria for failure to function adequately

PHOBIAS

Watson and Reyner

Mowrer

Bounton

Seligman

Gilroy et al

Ougrin

Watson and Reyner

Little Albert and the acquisition of phobias through classical conditioning

• STRENGTH FOR TWO-PROCESS MODEL

Mowrer

Suggested operant conditioning maintains phobias

Bounton

Evolutionary need for phobias

• WEAKNESS FOR TWO-PROCESS MODEL

Seligman

Biological preparedness as a reason for phobias

• WEAKNESS FOR TWO-PROCESS MODEL

Gilroy et al

Systematic desensitisation for arachnophobia

SD had a greater reduction in fear and anxiety than other group

• STRENGTH FOR SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION

Ougrin

Found that flooding is equally effective as other methods

• STRENGTH FOR FLOODING

DEPRESSIONS

Beck

Graziolo and Terry

Ellis

March et al

Rosenzwerg

Beck

Negative triad

Cognitive vulnerability

Faulty information processing

Graziolo and Terry

Support idea of cognitive vulnerability

Did a study of women before and after birth

Those with high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to get post-natal depression

• SUPPORTS BECKS IDEAS OF DEPRESSION

Ellis

ABC approach to depression

March et al.

327 adolescent PPTs

36 weeks doing selected therapy

81% increase for CBT, 81% increase for drug therapy, 86% for combination

• STRENGTH FOR CBT + CBT WITH DRUGS

Rosenzwerg

Suggested therapist-patient relationship is the key to effective therapy, not necessarily CBT

• WEAKNESS OF CBT

OCD

Lewis

Tukel et al

Ozaki et al

Taylor

Nestadt et al

Cromer

Soomro et al

Sansone and Sansone

Skapinakis et al

Maina et al

Lewis

Treated people with OCD

37% had parents with OCD

21% had siblings with OCD

• STRENGTH FOR GENETIC EXPLANATION

Tukel et al

COMT gene mutation for OCD

Found that gene lowered regulation of dopamine, meant increase in dopamine

Ozaki et al

SERT gene mutation for OCD

2 separate families, 6 out of 7 had OCD and SERT gene mutation

• STRENGTH FOR GENETIC CAUSE OF OCD

Taylor

Identified 230 potential genes that cause OCD

• STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS FOR GENETIC CAUSE OF OCD

Nestadt et al

Twin studies

68% of identical twins shared OCD vs 31% of non-identical twins shared OCD

• STRENGTH FOR GENETIC CAUSE OF OCD

Cromer

Took a sample of OCD patients

Over 50% had trauma, those with trauma had more severe OCD

• WEAKNESS FOR GENETIC EXPLANATION

• POTENTIAL SUPPORT OF PAIRED WITH DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL

Soomro et al

Compared 17 studies of SSRI vs placebo

SSRIs were better, more effective when paired with CBT

• STRENGTH FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Sansone and Sansone

70% of PPTS on SSRIs experienced decrease in symptoms

• STRENGTH FOR BIO TREATMENT

• POTENTIAL WEAKNESS → WHAT ABOUT OTHER 30%

Skapinakis et al

Systematic review of treatment

Cognitive and behavioural therapies were better for OCD

• WEAKNESS FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Maina et al

Patients relapse within weeks of being of SSRIS

• WEAKNESS OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT