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DEFINITIONS OF ABNORMALITY
Jahoda
Rosenham and Seligman
Jahoda
Criteria for deviations from ideal mental health
Rosenham and Seligman
Criteria for failure to function adequately
PHOBIAS
Watson and Reyner
Mowrer
Bounton
Seligman
Gilroy et al
Ougrin
Watson and Reyner
Little Albert and the acquisition of phobias through classical conditioning
STRENGTH FOR TWO-PROCESS MODEL
Mowrer
Suggested operant conditioning maintains phobias
Bounton
Evolutionary need for phobias
WEAKNESS FOR TWO-PROCESS MODEL
Seligman
Biological preparedness as a reason for phobias
WEAKNESS FOR TWO-PROCESS MODEL
Gilroy et al
Systematic desensitisation for arachnophobia
SD had a greater reduction in fear and anxiety than other group
STRENGTH FOR SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION
Ougrin
Found that flooding is equally effective as other methods
STRENGTH FOR FLOODING
DEPRESSIONS
Beck
Graziolo and Terry
Ellis
March et al
Rosenzwerg
Beck
Negative triad
Cognitive vulnerability
Faulty information processing
Graziolo and Terry
Support idea of cognitive vulnerability
Did a study of women before and after birth
Those with high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to get post-natal depression
SUPPORTS BECKS IDEAS OF DEPRESSION
Ellis
ABC approach to depression
March et al.
327 adolescent PPTs
36 weeks doing selected therapy
81% increase for CBT, 81% increase for drug therapy, 86% for combination
STRENGTH FOR CBT + CBT WITH DRUGS
Rosenzwerg
Suggested therapist-patient relationship is the key to effective therapy, not necessarily CBT
WEAKNESS OF CBT
OCD
Lewis
Tukel et al
Ozaki et al
Taylor
Nestadt et al
Cromer
Soomro et al
Sansone and Sansone
Skapinakis et al
Maina et al
Lewis
Treated people with OCD
37% had parents with OCD
21% had siblings with OCD
STRENGTH FOR GENETIC EXPLANATION
Tukel et al
COMT gene mutation for OCD
Found that gene lowered regulation of dopamine, meant increase in dopamine
Ozaki et al
SERT gene mutation for OCD
2 separate families, 6 out of 7 had OCD and SERT gene mutation
STRENGTH FOR GENETIC CAUSE OF OCD
Taylor
Identified 230 potential genes that cause OCD
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS FOR GENETIC CAUSE OF OCD
Nestadt et al
Twin studies
68% of identical twins shared OCD vs 31% of non-identical twins shared OCD
STRENGTH FOR GENETIC CAUSE OF OCD
Cromer
Took a sample of OCD patients
Over 50% had trauma, those with trauma had more severe OCD
WEAKNESS FOR GENETIC EXPLANATION
POTENTIAL SUPPORT OF PAIRED WITH DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
Soomro et al
Compared 17 studies of SSRI vs placebo
SSRIs were better, more effective when paired with CBT
STRENGTH FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Sansone and Sansone
70% of PPTS on SSRIs experienced decrease in symptoms
STRENGTH FOR BIO TREATMENT
POTENTIAL WEAKNESS → WHAT ABOUT OTHER 30%
Skapinakis et al
Systematic review of treatment
Cognitive and behavioural therapies were better for OCD
WEAKNESS FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Maina et al
Patients relapse within weeks of being of SSRIS
WEAKNESS OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Note 
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