HDE 100B - CH 7 - Morality, Values, & Religion

abstract, idealistic, logical

Religion & Spirituality

Developmental Changes

Many of the cog changes thought to influence religious & value dev involve Piaget’s cog theory

• Increase in blank thinking => adol’s consider various ideas abt religious & spiritual concepts 

• Increased blank thinking => provides foundation for thinking abt whether religion provides best route to better & more ideal world than present

• Increased blank reasoning => ability to dev hypothesis & systematically sort through diff answers to spiritual questions

children, carry on religious tradition

Religion & Spirituality

Developmental Changes

Religious institutions are designed to introduce certain beliefs to who? What does this ensure (that they will…)

true

Religion & Spirituality

Developmental Changes

True or false? Children & adolescents tend to adopt religious teachings of their upbringing

adolescence

Religion & Spirituality

Developmental Changes

If a religious change or reawakening occurs, when is this most likely to take place during?

insecure, conflict

Religion & Spirituality

Developmental Changes

If adol’s have blank attachment, o have blank w/ parents => seek religious affiliation that’s diff from parents

mothers

Religion & Spirituality

Developmental Changes

Which parent, mothers or fathers, are more likely to talk with their teens about religion?

values

Religion & Spirituality

Beliefs & attitudes abt way things should be; involve what is important to us

personal well being, well being of others

Religion & Spirituality

Values

Over past 3 decades, college stdts shown increased concern for blank & decreased concern for blank

what they want to do with their lives, rudderless, short term, religion

Religion & Spirituality

Values

William Damon concluded that major difficulty confronting today’s youth = lack of clear sense of what?

• As he states, too many youth r blank

• Argues goals & values too often focus on blank

• One long-standing source for discovering purpose in life = blank

religion

Religion & Spirituality

An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, & symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred o transcendent other

religiousness

Religion & Spirituality

Refers to the degree o affiliation w/ an organized religion, participation in its prescribed rituals & practices, connection w/ its beliefs, & involvement in a community of believers

spirituality

Religion & Spirituality

Involves experiencing smth beyond oneself in a transcendent maner & living in a way that benefits other & society

downward trend

Religion & Spirituality

In the 21st century what kind of trend in religious interest was occurring among college students?

less developed countries

Religion & Spirituality

What kinds of countries are 18-24 year olds more likely to be religious in?

girls

Religion & Spirituality

Which gender (in adolescence) is more likely to be more religious than the other?

positive, higher grades, health, community service

The Positive Role of Religion & Spirituality

Various aspects of religion linked w/ blank outcomes for adol

• Higher lvl of church engagement related to blank for male adol’s 

• Also plays a role in adol’s blank & whether they engage in problem behaviors

• Religious youth 3x more likely to engage in blank as non religious youth

sexual activity

The Positive Role of Religion & Spirituality

Religiousness & Sexuality in Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood

One area of religion’s influence on adol dev involves what kind of activity?

high

The Positive Role of Religion & Spirituality

Religiousness & Sexuality in Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood

Adolescents with what kind of religiosity were less likely to have had sexual intercourse?

moral development

Involves changes in thoughts, feelings, & behaviors regarding standards of right & wrong

• Has an intrapersonal & interpersonal dimension

moral reasoning, series of stages

Moral Development

Kohlberg crafted a major theory of how adol’s think abt right & wrong

• Proposed that moral dev based primarily on blank & unfolds in a blank

preconventional reasoning

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

Lowest lvl of moral dev at which moral thinking often tied to punishment

conventional reasoning

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

Intermediate lvl during which individ’s abide by certain standards (internal), but are the standards of others (external), such as parents o laws of society

postconventional reasoning

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

Highest lvl at which morality is more internal; individ recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, then decides on a personal moral code

internal/mature

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

According to Kohlberg, a key concept in understanding progression = morality becomes more what? (They go beyond superficial reasons)

before 9, early adol, early adulthood

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

Kohlberg argued lvls occur in a seq & r age-related …

• Blank - most children reason abt moral dilemmas in a pre-conventional way 

• Blank - reason in more conventional ways 

• Blank - small # of individ’s reason in postconventional ways

social experiences

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

Kohlberg theorized that individ’s moral orientation unfolds as a consequence of cog dev & exposure to appropriate what?

• Moral thought can be moved to a higher lvl through exposure to models o discussion that’s more advanced than adol’s lvl

peer interaction

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory

This component is a critical part of social stimulation that challenges individ’s to change their moral orientation

justice perspective

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Critics

A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individual’s viewed as making moral decisions independently

care perspective

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Critics

Views ppl in terms of their connectedness w/ others & emphasizes interpersonal communication, r-ships w/ others, & concern for others

social cognitive theory of moral development

Basic Processes of Moral Development

Theory that distinguishes between moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviors) & moral performance (enacting those behaviors in specific situations)

reinforcement, punishment, & imitation

Basic Processes of Moral Development

What three things help explain how & why adol’s learn certain moral behaviors & why their behaviors differ from one another?

altruism, females

Basic Processes of Moral Development

Prosocial Behavior

Many prosocial acts involve blank = an unselfish interest in helping another person

• Which gender views themselves as more prosocial, empathetic, and engages in more prosocial behavior?

forgiveness

Basic Processes of Moral Development

Prosocial Behavior

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when an injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation

gratitude

Basic Processes of Moral Development

Prosocial Behavior

A feeling of thankfulness & appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful

false

Basic Processes of Moral Development

Contemporary Perspective: Moral Feeling

True or false? Only positive feelings contribute to adolescents’ moral development

sympathy

Basic Processes of Moral Development

Contemporary Perspective: Moral Feeling

An other-oriented emotional response in which the observer experiences emotions that r the same o similar to what the other person is feeling; often motivates prosocial behavior

ego ideal

Moral Feeling

Psychoanalytic Theory

According to Freud, the superego consists of 2 main components…

• This one involves ideal standards approved by parents

conscience

Moral Feeling

Psychoanalytic Theory

According to Freud, the superego consists of 2 main components…

• This one discourages behaviors disapproved of by parents

empathy

Moral Feeling

Reaction to another’s feelings with an emotional response that’s similar to the other’s feelings

moral identity

An aspect of personality that is present when individ’s have moral notions & commitments that r central to their lives

moral exemplars

Moral Identity

People who have led exemplary lives; have a moral personality, identity, character, & set of virtues that reflect moral excellence & commitment

social domain theory

Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge & reasoning, including moral, social, conventional, & person domains

• Domains arise from children’s & adol’s attempts to understand & deal with different forms of social experience

social conventional reasoning

Social Domain Theory

Thoughts about social consensus & convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues

love withdrawal

Contexts of Moral Development

Parenting

Where a parent withholds attention o love from adol (e.g. shame & guilt; “You’ve disappointed me”)

power assertion

Contexts of Moral Development

Parenting

Where a parent attempts to gain control over adol o adol’s resources (e.g. spanking, threatening)

induction

Contexts of Moral Development

Parenting

Where a parent uses reason & explains how antisocial acts likely to affect others (e.g. “Don’t hit him, he was only trying to help”)

• Appears to be more positively related to moral dev than love withdrawal o power assertion

the hidden curriculum

Contexts of Moral Development

Schools

The pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school

character education

Contexts of Moral Development

Schools

A direct education approach that involves teaching stdts basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in moral behavior & doing harm to themselves o others

values clarification

Contexts of Moral Development

Schools

An educational approach that focuses on helping ppl clarify what’s important to them, what is worth working for, & what their purpose is in life

• Students encouraged to define their own values & understand others’ values

service learning

Contexts of Moral Development

Schools

A form of education that promotes social responsibility & service to the community

• Important goal = adol’s become less self-centered & more strongly motivated to help others