Lecture 3: Enzyme Catalysis / ETC

NADH generates other energy resources, specifically which two?

ATP
Membrane potential

The key enzymes for generation of ATP using NADH are

NADH dehydrogenase
ATP synthase

NADH dehydrogenase _____ NADH into NAD+, thus pumping electrons out of the membrane

oxidizes

The localization of the ETC in regard to a plasma membrane is what allows the maintenance of a 

proton gradient

The energy stored in the _____ _____ is used to make ATP from ADP + Pi, performed by the enzyme ____ ______

proton gradient
ATP synthase

The enzyme that creates the proton gradient from NADH is

NADH dehydrogenase

_____ from NADH are transferred through succession of molecules called the ETC

electrons

The electrons from NADH are used to ultimately reduce a _____ ______ _____

final electron acceptor

The final electron acceptor is (reduced/oxidized)

reduced

The ETC is also known as the process of _____ ______

oxidative phosphorylation (ox-phos)

Bacterial ETCs vary in composition, especially depending on the availability of _____ _______ in the growth conditions

electron acceptors

Each successive electron carrier in the ETC has a (higher/lower) standard reduction potential (E) than the molecule before it

higher

Protein catalyst that acts specifically with respect to reaction, reactants, and products

Enzyme

RNA version of an enzyme; though to be the most ancient form of an enzyme

Ribozyme

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered itself

Catalyst

Which broad type (6) of enzyme?
Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions

Oxidoreductase

Which broad type (6) of enzyme?
Catalyzes reactions involving the transfer of chemical groups between molecules

Trasferase

Which broad type (6) of enzyme?
Catalyzes hydrolysis of molecules

Hydrolase

Which broad type (6) of enzyme?
Catalyzes breaking of a C-C, C-O, C-N, and other bonds by a means other than hydrolysis

Lyase

Which broad type (6) of enzyme?
Catalyzes the rearrangement of molecules to isomer forms

Isomerase

Which broad type (6) of enzyme?
Catalyzes the joining of two molecules, using ATP (other energy of another nucleoside triphosphate)

Ligase

Nonprotein component of an enzyme that assists in catalysis

Cofactor

What are the two types of cofactors?

Prosthetic group
Coenzyme

Covalently attached cofactor that does not dissociate from enzyme

Prosthetic group

Loosely attached (non-covalent) cofactor that can dissociate from enzyme

Coenzyme

Protein component of an enzyme alone is the

apoenzyme

Apoenzyme + cofactor creates the _____, the active form of the enzyme

holoenzyme

Enzymes don’t alter Keq or deltaG values, but they do

increase rates of reactions

Enzymes increase rates of reaction by ultimately

reducing the activation energy

Enzymes reduce activation energy by assisting in formation of the ______-_____ ______, AKA the induced fit model

Transition-state complex

In what two ways do enzymes perform induced fit model, forming the transition state?

Binding substrates
Chaning conformation to then position substrates productively