Bio Exam 1- Robert Sikes

____ is the study of life.

biology

How many kingdoms of life are there? What are they called?

6; archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

What are the 5 properties of life?

1. Cellular Organization

2. Metabolism

3. Homeostasis

4. Heredity

5. Growth and Reproduction

What are the 3 different levels of complexity of life?

cellular, organismal, populational

What is included in the cellular level?

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cell

What is included in the organismal level?

tissue, organ, organ system

What is included in the population level?

population, species, community, ecosystem

What 5 biological themes emerge repeatedly at any hierarchical level of biological study?

homeostasis, energy flow, structure-function, cooperation, evolution

What is symbiosis?

Any relationship in which two species live closely together

What is evolution defined as?

change in gene pool of a population, measurable as changes in allele frequencies in a population

Difference between deductive vs inductive reasoning

deductive- general principles to explain specific observations

inductive- careful examination of specific cases to discover general principles

Six stages of scientific method

observation, hypothesis, predictions, testing, controls, conclusion

What reasoning is used to determine how to test a hypothesis?

Deductive reasoning

What reasoning occurs when one uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.

inductive reasoning

A tentative explanation for a natural event is a ________.

hypothesis

What is a theory to scientists?

a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations from a variety of different approaches/experiments

What is a theory to the general public?

implies a lack of knowledge or guess

What is included in the cell theory?

-all living organisms are composed of at least one cell

-cell = most basic unit of life

-cells come from cells

gene theory

• Genetic info is encoded in molecules of DNA

• Genes encode specific proteins or act to regulate other genes

• The proteins determine the structure and function of the organism

theory of heredity

-genes are passed down generations as discrete units

-mendels theory of heredity gave rise to the field of genetics

-chromosomal theory of inheritance located mendelian genes on chromosomes

The six kingdoms of life are grouped into what?

3 domains

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Theory of Evolution

states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival

Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space is comprised of _________.

matter

All matter is made up of ________.

atoms

What makes up the nucleus?

protons and neutrons

What orbits the nucleus and is negatively charged?

electrons

Atom mass is equal to?

# of protons + # of neutrons

Atom number is equal to?

number of protons

What determines the element?

atomic number

Electrons determine what?

chemical behavior of the atoms

Electrons have energy of position called?

potential energy

Electrons occupy ______ _____ of an atom, which are actually complex, 3D volumes of space called ________.

electron shells; orbitals

Atoms with ________ electron orbitals tend to be the more reactive. Why?

incomplete; atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to completely fill their outermost electron shell

Ions are defined as

atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of _____ but different numbers of _______.

protons; neutrons

The process of unstable isotopes being unstable and breaking up into particles with lower atomic numbers is known as what?

radioactive decay

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Ionic bonds involve the attraction of what? What are they most stable as?

opposite electrical charges; crystals

How do covalent bonds form?

sharing of electrons between atoms

Are covalent bonds strong or weak?

very strong

polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds

Polar - unequal sharing of electrons

Nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons

What are hydrogen bonds?

weak electrical attractions between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another

Is water polar or non-polar?

polar; can also form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

What are the unique properties of water?

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, less dense when frozen, attracted to other polar molecules, high polarity

Why does water become less dense when it freezes?

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules further apart

cohesion vs adhesion

cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substances

Hydrophobic molecules will NOT _______ in water.

dissolve

Acids ______ in water and _____ the H+

dissociate; increases

Bases _____ with H+ when _____ in water.

combine; dissolved

What are buffers used for?

minimize pH disturbances; take up or release hydrogen ions

What makes a molecule organic?

carbon based core (carbon and hydrogen)

What is a functional group?

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.

5 principal functional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Monomers vs polymers

-Monomers : simple organic molecules that exist individually

-Polymers : large organic molecules formed by combining monomers

What are the 4 macromolecules and their monomer?

proteins- amino acid

nucleic acids- nucleotide

carbohydrates- glucose

lipids- fatty acid

How are macromolecules formed?

dehydration synthesis

How are macromolecules broken down?

hydrolysis (breaking the covalent bonds between the monomers)

structure of amino acids

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, (functional) R group

Essential nonpolar amino acids

valine, leucine, isoleucine

essential polar amino acids

uncharged- threonine

charged- histidine, lysine

What links amino acids together?

peptide bonds

A polypeptide is

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

The way that a polypeptide ______ to form a protein determines what?

folds; function

primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids; determines all other levels

secondary structure of protein

initial folding of amino acids chains; may resemble coils, helices, or sheets

tertiary structure of protein

final 3D shape; twists and folds; lowest energy conformation

quaternary structure of protein

spatial arrange of component polypeptides in proteins

What happens when a protein is denatured?

Its secondary structure is disrupted but its primary structure remains intact - unfolding

Long and cable like proteins have what kind of roles? Globular proteins?

architectural; enzymes

What do enzymes do?

provide a network of transportation to move things within the cell