skeletal

function

1. Support – framework for the body

2. Protection – of vital organs (e.g. skull, ribs)

3. Movement – muscles attach to bones

4. Production of blood cells – in bone marrow

5. Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus

axial skeleton

1. Axial Skeleton

• Skull, spine, ribs

• Supports & protects vital organsand provides structural stability.

apendicular skeleton

• Limbs (arms & legs), pelvis, shoulders

• Allows for movementand attachment of muscles to bones.

joints

• Points where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and flexibility in the skeleton.

type of joints

fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial

fibrous

joints that are connected by dense connective tissue, allowing to no movement. e.g skull

cartillaginous

joints that are connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement. e.g vertebrae

synovial

joints that are characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity, allowing for a wide range of motion. e.g shoulder, knee

synovial joint structure

• Ligaments

• Tendons

• Cartilage

• Synovial fluid

• Joint capsule

ligaments

tough bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at a joint, providing stability.

tendons

tough bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones, facilitating movement.

cartiladge

flexible tissue that provides cushioning at joints, supports structures, and reduces friction between bones.

synocial fluids

liquid found in joint cavities that lubricates and nourishes cartilage, reducing friction during movement.

joint capsule

a structure that surrounds and stabilizes a joint, containing synovial fluid and contributing to joint movement.

hinge joint

• Movement: Flexion & extension

• Planes of movement: 1 (sagittal plane)

• Examples: Elbow, knee, fingers

pivot joint

• Movement: Rotation

• Planes of movement: 1 (transverse plane)

• Example: Neck (between atlas & axis vertebrae), forearm (radius/ulna)

Ball and Socket Joint

• Movement: Flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction

• Planes of movement: 3 (sagittal, frontal, transverse)

• Examples: Shoulder, hip

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joint

• Movement: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction (no rotation)

• Planes of movement: 2 (sagittal & frontal)

• Example: Wrist (radiocarpal joint), knuckles

Saddle Joint

• Movement: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (limited rotation)

• Planes of movement: 2 (sagittal & frontal)

• Example: Thumb (carpometacarpal joint)

saddle joint

• Number of planes: 2 planes

  • Sagittal plane (flexion & extension)

  • Frontal plane (abduction & adduction)

• Does NOT allow: rotation (so it’s not 3 planes like a ball-and-socket joint) thumb

saggital

forward/backward (flexion, extension)

frontal

side-to-side (abduction, adduction)

transvers

rotation