Anatomical Terminology, Histology, and Integumentary System

Vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical terminology, histology, and the integumentary system based on BIO 331 Lab #1.

superior

above another part, or closer to the head

inferior

below another part, or toward the feet

anterior

toward the front, or ventral

posterior

toward the back, or dorsal

medial

refers to an imaginary line that divides the body into equal halves left and right

lateral

towards the side with respect to the imaginary midline

proximal

a part closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified part

distal

a part is farther from the trunk of the body or farther from another specified part

superficial

near the surface, or peripheral

deep

more internal parts

sagittal section

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

transverse section

a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal section

a cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

thoracic cavity

superior cavity in the trunk separated from the rest of the trunk by the diaphragm

pleural cavities

lateral cavities containing the lungs

mediastinum

cavity located in the middle of the thoracic cavity in between the lungs

abdominal cavity

larger cavity of the trunk containing the superior organs of the abdomen

pelvic cavity

smaller cavity of the trunk containing the inferior organs of the abdomen

simple squamous

a single layer of flattened cells

simple cuboidal

a single layer of cube-shaped cells

simple columnar

a single layer of elongated cells with the nuclei at the same level

stratified squamous

many layers of cells with the top cells flattened

stratified cuboidal

many layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells

stratified columnar

many layers of cells with the top cells columnar

pseudostratified columnar

a single layer of elongated cells with the nuclei at different levels

transitional

many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells

skeletal muscle

long, threadlike cell with striations and many nuclei

cardiac muscle

branched cells with striations and one nucleus

smooth muscle

shorter cells with a single, central nucleus

dense regular collagenous

collagen fibers running in same direction

dense regular elastic

collagen and elastic fibers running in same direction

dense irregular collagenous

collagen fibers randomly organized

dense irregular elastic

collagen and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions

reticular

thin, collagen fibers in a three-dimensional framework

areolar

thin and delicate membranes that fills space and binds

adipose

cells that accumulate fat droplets in their cytoplasm

spongy bone

lattice-like network with pockets

compact bone

dense collection of hard tissue, cells arranged in distinct circular fashion

hyaline cartilage

very fine collagen fibers, looks like white glass

fibrocartilage

many tough collagen fibers, primarily used for shock absorbance

elastic cartilage

dense network of elastic fibers, flexible compared with hyaline cartilage

blood

cells suspended in fluid, including red and white blood cells, platelets

bone marrow

reticular framework with blood-forming cells or large deposits of lipids/adipocytes

epidermis

outer layer of skin

stratum corneum

outermost layer composed mostly of dead, flattened cells

stratum lucidum

clear cells, only occur on soles and palms

stratum granulosum

3 to 5 layers of flattened granular cells containing shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei

stratum spinosum

many layers of cells with large nuclei and developing fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened

stratum basale

single row of cuboidal columnar cells with melanocytes, actively dividing

free nerve endings

relatively unspecialized nerves that detect pain, temperature, itch, and movement

dermis

inner layer of skin

papillary layer

bumps that interdigitate with the epidermis

reticular layer

majority of the dermis made up of an irregular arrangement of fibers

Meissner corpuscles

responsible for tactile sensation, mostly two-point discrimination

Ruffini end organs

nerve endings that respond to continuous touch or pressure and stretch, found mostly in fingers

subcutaneous layer

collagenous fibers continuous with the dermis where areolar and adipose tissue bind the skin to underlying organs, also called the hypodermis

Pacinian corpuscles

receptors that detect deep pressure and vibration

sudoriferous gland

sweat

eccrine gland

secrete water and some salts in response to heat and stress

apocrine gland

secrete water and organic acids

lactiferous gland

secrete milk

sebaceous gland

secrete oils, typically associated with hair follicles

ceruminous gland

secrete earwax

hair shaft

portion that erupts from the skin

hair root

enclosed by the follicle

hair bulb

actively growing portion of the hair

arrector pili

muscle fibers that cause goose bumps when contracted

nail body

main area of nail

free edge

end of the nail that gets clipped

nail root

area that generates the nail

cuticle

transparent tissue of the nail fold that edges out onto the lunula

nail bed

layer deep to the nail body

lunula

small white crescent that occurs at the base of the nail

hyponychium

region under the free edge of the nail

nail groove

each side of the nail

nail fold

ridge above the groove