GEOL 1602 Final Exam Study Materials - Key Terms and Definitions in Earth Science

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49 Terms

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What are the characteristics of mammals?

  • fur or hair

  • four-chambered heart

  • mammary glands

  • warm-blooded

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examples of mammals

  • mammoths

  • horses

  • saber tooth

  • ground hog

  • sloth

  • primates

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age of mammals

existed since the Mesozoic

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five types of igneous rock textures

  • phaneritic

  • porphyritic

  • aphanitic

  • glassy

  • vesicular

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phaneritic rock texture

  • crystals are clearly visible

  • ex: granite

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porphyritic rock texture

  • mix of ground mass (microscopic crystals) with some larger crystals

  • mixture of grain size

  • ex: andesite (black and white)

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aphanitic rock texture

  • can't see the grain size

  • ex: basalt

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glass rock texture

  • natural amorphous glass with few or no crystals

  • ex: obsidian

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vesicular

  • contains many vesicles (holes), the gas in the magma evaporates from the rock

  • ex: scoria (very light)

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mafic rock composition

  • plagioclase

  • pyroxene

  • olivine

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felsic rock composition

  • quartz

  • feldspar

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intermediate rock composition

  • plagioclase

  • pyroxene

  • olivine

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five types of trace fossils

  • resting

  • dwelling

  • crawling

  • grazing

  • feeding

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ichnology

  • study of traces

  • allows us to understand the water depth, currents, food supply, rates of deposition

  • tells us if the animal was resting, grazing, feeding, or dwelling

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types of biozones

  • taxon range

  • assemblage

  • concurrent range

  • abundance (acme)

  • intrazone

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taxon range biozone

  • body of rock representing the total geologic life span of an organism, one rock unit

  • interval of first appearance and last appearance

  • named after the fossil

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assemblage biozone

body of rock with three or more taxa

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concurrent range biozone

body of rock with two or more taxa

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abundance (acme) biozone

a body of rock represented by the maximum abundance of some species, genus or other taxon

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intrazone biozone

an interval that lack diagnostic fossils between 2 identifiable biozones

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felsic

  • higher silicon content

  • lighter in color

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types of felsic rock

  • rhyolite

  • granite

  • obsidian

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type of intermediate rock

andesite

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mafic rock

  • magnesium

  • basalt

  • gabbro

  • scoria

  • periodite

  • darker in color

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aesthenosphere

liquid part of the mantle

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transgression

sea advances across the continental craton

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transgression rock sequence

limestone → shale → sandstone

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regression

sea level recedes from the continental craton

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regression rock sequence

sandstone → shale → limestone

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three types of unconformities

  • non-conformity

  • disconformity

  • angular unconformity

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non-conformity

sediment over a metamorphic or igneous rock

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disconformity

sediment over sediment with parallel layers thhat are separated

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angular unconformity

strata intersect a surface at an angle underneath the unconformity

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granite

  • phaneritic

  • quartz + feldspar

  • intrusive

<ul><li><p>phaneritic</p></li><li><p>quartz + feldspar</p></li><li><p>intrusive</p></li></ul><p></p>
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basalt

  • aphanitic

  • pyroxene

  • extrusive

<ul><li><p>aphanitic</p></li><li><p>pyroxene</p></li><li><p>extrusive</p></li></ul><p></p>
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scoria

  • vesicular

  • olivine

  • extrusive

<ul><li><p>vesicular</p></li><li><p>olivine</p></li><li><p>extrusive</p></li></ul><p></p>
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andesite

  • porphyritic

  • plagioclase

  • extrusive

<ul><li><p>porphyritic</p></li><li><p>plagioclase</p></li><li><p>extrusive</p></li></ul><p></p>
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breccia

  • clastic

  • SiO2

  • poorly sorted

  • alluvial fan

<ul><li><p>clastic</p></li><li><p>SiO2</p></li><li><p>poorly sorted</p></li><li><p>alluvial fan</p></li></ul><p></p>
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sandstone

  • clastic

  • SiO2

  • moderately sorted

  • shallow marine environment

<ul><li><p>clastic</p></li><li><p>SiO2</p></li><li><p>moderately sorted</p></li><li><p>shallow marine environment</p></li></ul><p></p>
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ichnology tells us about . . .

  • water depth

  • currents

  • food supply

  • rate of deposition

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two examples of igneous rocks

  • basalt

  • granite

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Alfred Wegener

scientist accredited with first establishing the idea of plate tectonics

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animals classified into what two groups

vertebrates and non-vertebrates

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biozone

fundemental unit used in biostratigraphy

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tectonic settings

  • cratonic

  • orogenic

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cratonic tectonic setting

  • slow subsidence

  • slow uplift

  • no volcanoes

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orogenic tectonic setting

  • fast-subsidence

  • fast uplift

  • volcanoes

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graded bedding

  • coarser sediment at the bottom

  • finer sediment at the top

  • product of turbidity currents

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mud crack

  • indicates current direction

  • indicates post-depositional deformation

  • dried clay found in lakes

  • forms on the interface between bed