edu module 1

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behaviours and effects of external stimuli, such as Learning a behaviour change due to a stimulus; technology delivers repetitive drills and positivereinforcement. Critique is that it ignores learner’s internal thought process

Constructionism

Created by Papert its the idea that knowledge is built by the learner better when the learner is engaged in the construction of something external or tangible, like a sand castle or machine. Learning with technology. and this theory uses the 7 brain based learning principle

Brain based learning principle

Used in the constructivist learning theory. Learning is… 1. Physical aspect of learning- brain and body, 2. Brain/mind is social collaboration, 3. Meaningful- connected to experiences, 4. Pattern recognition- recurring patterns, like if our robots are not doing what we like, we reprogram that pattern out, 5. Emotional experience- satisfaction, 6. Complex learning- non-threatening learning environment, 7-Each brain is unique- some kids are builders, others programmers

Constructivism

Expresses the theory that knowledge is built by the learner, not supplied by the teacher. It is Active learning; teachers are guides, prior knowledge matters, and social interactions support learning. Learning is unique

Jean paigets Constructivism

A learner must construct/build their own knowledge progressively through experiences. Believing children develop throughout stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational). An supports the idea that intellectual and biological development are linked

Sensorimotor

Piaget’s Stage 1 of constructivism theory from birth to 2yr, this is when we develop object permanence (indifference) ie child not caring for an object unless in front of them

per-operational

Piaget’s Stage 2 of constructivism theory (2-7yr) its a period where children begin to think symbolically, use language and engage in pretend play, but struggle with abstract or logical reasoning ie) they are in the ego stage using I when explaining story’s not other kids

Concret operatioal

Piaget's Stage 3 of constructivism theory (7- 12 years) is when they are mature enough to use logical thought and can now recognize physical objects, but can’t fully comprehend everything. I.e.) having 2 cups of water in different shapes but filled with the same volume, the kids think it’s different amounts of water

Formal operational

Piaget’s Stage 4 of constructivism theory (12 to forever) its when where able to tell why things are with logic- start understanding weight relative to distance, volume of water in glasses

Burners constructivism

He builds on Piaget’s theory but believes knowledge develops from concret thinking ot abstract thinking through 3 stages (enactive, iconic and symbolic). Porting the idea of discovery learning

Enactive

Stage 1 of Burners constructivism theory- it’s the child doing something, child is learning through actions with objects like Lego or touch screen- stage is closer to concrete thinking

Iconic

Stage 2 of Burners constructivism theory is the image stage where child learns through actions with images to reflect meaning. Like when we see the app of instagram we know theres a social media feed inside

Symbolic

Stage 3 of Burners’ constructivism theory,where learning happens through actions with symbols, numbers, letters and math signs (2 + 2 = 4)- the stage is closer to abstract thinking

Discovery learning

Burner promotied this idea its where learning takes place best in problem solving situations, where the learner draws on past experiences and existing knowledge to discover dacts and relationships. interacting with the world by exploring, manipulating objects, questions or performing experiences. Learners more likely to rember concepts when knowledge is discovered

Social constructivism

Is vygotskys theory and is community based, children co-construct knowledge through interaction with others, learning can lead to development like child counting objects which teacher guiding them by pointing. Development cannot be separated from social context and language development plays a critical role in development as it creates a common ground

Vygotskyis zone of proximal development

What the student can learn with guidance

Cognitivism

Swellers theory of cognitive load referring to the effort used by our working or immediate memory to learn new things as opposed to long term memory- 3 types, intrinsic, extraneous and germane load

Intrinsic load

The natural difficulty of the material (e.g., long division is harder than basic addition) Its managed by the teacher by carefully selecting and presenting information in a way that best befits students’ short-term memory capacity

Extraneous load

Unnecessary mental effort caused by poor instructional design (eg confusing slides or unclear instructions. Teachers try to minimize this

Germane load

AKA affective cognitive load, it's the mental effort dedicated to processing, understanding and integrating new information into long-term memory and existing knowledge. Maximize this

Millers law

The average number of items an individual can hold in their working memory is about 7 ±, meaning between 5 and 9 chunks of information at one time

4e cognition theory

cognition is not just a mental process but also a Embodied, Embedded, Enacted, and extended process

Embodied cognition

Highlights the role of bodies in thinking, like playing the piano, writing or typing. Octopus arms work semi-independently and interact with the world 

Embedded cognition

Focuses on how thinking happens in a specific environment/context- ie, learning might happen in a classroom, layout of math worksheet or flashcard order. The octopus's thinking is happening in its ocean environment 

Enactive cognition

Learning emerges through meaningful interactions with tools, environments and others (physical interaction). ie, concept mapping software requires us to actively interact with it to support our thinking and learning.

Extended cognition

Learning occurs when we offload cognitive tasks into external tools. ie, teacher preparing class lesson using Chatgpt for class examples, MindTools as their computer applications that scaffold different forms of reasoning and content. Spider and its web- it's an extension of the spider's sensory and cognitive system 

Cognitive offloading

The use of bodily actions and/or external devices to alter the information processing requirements of a task so as to reduce cognitive demand( counting on fingers, using calculator)

Riscko and Gilberts definition of cognitive offloading

The ability to flexibly deploy and hold mixtures of internal and external processes in pursuit of our cognitive goals likely represents a defining feature of what it means to be a successful cognitive agent in complex environments- we need cognitive tools like pencils and calculators in pursuit.

Educational Technology- Dir Michael spector

it involved the disciplined application of Knowledge for the purpose of improving learning, instruction and performance

Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT)- definition of Educational Technology

It is a study and ethical practice for facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources

Learning about technology

This is teaching how the tech works, education is focusing on the nuts and bolts of tech like programming. EX. Maker movement in education- LEGO robotics, coding

Learning from technology

Technology is doing the teaching, so teachers are learning how to program tech to teach. EX. Pressey’s, Lazeard’s, and Skinner’s machines and Computer systems like PLATO. This is influenced by behaviourist learning theory and promoted by Skinner. This type of learning is prominent in classrooms today

Learning with Technology

using different software tools to enhance learning. Ex, Mindtools and is grounded in a constructionist learning theory.

Mindtools

David Jhonsion created Technological tools that can support and enhance problem-solving and critical thinking + teaching and learning

Sidney pressey

Created an Automated teaching Machine rooted in the behaviourism learning theory, He believed every student should be educated individually, and his machine was just an assessment machine

Skinner

He created an teaching machine creating the theory of behaviourism, and the concept of programmed instruction motivated him. His goal was to improve teaching methods for spelling, math… by using machines that would surpass usual classroom experiences. Believed in ideas of Immediate knowledge, motivating effect, and mastery leaning

Programming instruction

Students follow a carefully constructed program in small steps. This concept motivated Skinner

Immediate knowledge

From Skinner, this leads to learning the correct behaviour (a more effective approach), students correct their mistakes right away instead of repeating the same mistake. And it has a motivating effect beocuse students are free of anxiety due to quick feedback because

Mastery learning

Happened through Skinner’s machine and resulted in the average student learning faster, and they have to complete a level to go to the next

PLATO

An early computer based educational system developed by Bitzer. Laying foundation for later computer based learning. Had new functional concepts like plasma display screen, electric mail, instant messaging,

Albertas Digital Citizenship Policy Development Guide

Assist school authorities in developing a digital citizenship plan and policies to address the needs of students..and to provide guidance in policy development to help protect students working in open, collaborative, online environments   

Digital Citizenship

The understanding and practice of appropriate, responsible, and empowered behaviour when using digital technologies. It encompasses a range of knowledge and skills that students and teachers need to navigate the digital world safely, ethically, and effectively. Individuals have rights and responsibilities

Digital citizenships the framework for

Framework for 1. Learning about digital media use and structure, 2. Organizing resistance to harmful digital practices, and 3. Guiding responsible and ethical behaviour online.

Approches to digital citizenship

In order to become good and responsible digital citizens, students need to practice critical thinking, learning how to protect their information and have good privacy habits. 2 approches- Normative and rights-based approaches

Normative approach

This a character-based approach towards digital citizenship where students learn to develop a good behaviour online. Show teaching students not to cyberbully or think before they post

Rights-based approch

This is a civic/political approach towards digital citizenship which emphasizes digital rights and responsibilities—freedom of expression, privacy, and participation. ie. Teaching students about how their data is collected and how to protect it

How to teach digital safety skills

Tech students learn how to handle different situations online, fostering an open and honest relationship. Starts with teaching students to value and protect their personal info the same way they value and protect their personal belongings.

Tech students learn how to handle different situations online, fostering an open and honest relationship.

The goal is to help students better understand the importance of protecting their personal info, respct the privacy of others and be a good digital citizen.

Taught using examplesn, problems and role-playing activities

Strong password

This will have a mix of lower, uppercase, numbers and symbols up to 8 - 9 characters long, Avoid any identifiable information, like name, address, phone number, pets, school or fave teams name. Have a different one for important accounts so i one is discovered your there accounts are not hacked. In order to remember all of them use a passphrase

Passphrase

It is a phrase to help easily remember all of these passwords that fit the criteria of a strong password

2-factor authentication

It makes your accounts more secure, a security process where you have 2 steps in logging into your account. 1 is the password the other is a security code sent to your phone. Protecting your account with something you KNOW your password and something your HAVE your phone

When to log out of an online account

Sign out of your accounts if your using a public or shared computer, so no one has access to it after you leave

Privacy and security settings for online accounts

Like when forgetting your password or being locked out of your account, make sure to set up a recovery service with your email or number linked to your account, and password reset

Password manager

Is a way for students to recover harder passwords through there email when they forget them

Protecting your mobile

Make sure to lock your phone with a strong PIN (not a shape or sum) and install the updated system to protect your personal information

How to avoid potentially harmful downloads

Download from reputable sources, like the official app store on their phone, check the reviews and comments from other users before downloading an app, and do not click on ads or websites that claim you phones infected, (they cant know that)

How to use public Wifi saftley

When on this Wifi do not enter your username and password to log into email or social network accounts, do not online back or enter credit card details.

Reliable online sources

Sources that have authors name, publication date and author with qualification; always ask where, who, what and when questions and contrast at-least 3 sources to see if your source is legitimate

Best practices of critically evaluating online sources of information

Contrast at least 3 sources of information when researching something regardless of the topic, if student finds and an anonymous article online they want to quote in their essay, tell them to contrast the info with additional sources by qualified authors and determine if it’s reliable then quote the reliable one.

Social engineering

Content that tricks you into revealing personal information, like your password or credit card information

Tactics scammers use to steal personal information online

These people create a sense of urgency, create a website that looks like sites you already use, and fake the from address in an email to make it look like it’s from someone you know. IF a page URL starts with https then its safe but no s its ’s not.

Encryption

The process of converting information or data into code especially to prevent unauthorized access. It’s a core concept in digital security and cyber safety, both of which are part of responsible digital citizenship education. the S in HTTPS indicates it is.

Social engineering

Content that tricks you into revealing personal information, like your password or credit card information

upstanders

Students are encouraged to stand up to bulling, encouraging other classmates as well and let the students involved know that what they’re doing is hurtful and not cool. If necessary then let the teachers and parent of the student know so that they can continue to monitor and support the student

Teachers online liability

At school teachers should keep there passwords secure, follow district policy, arrange computer room as to easily supervise the class, use district web spaces. With parent keep it professional, so don’t use slang or respond to emails past business time, never friend students or parents on social media and don’t respond to harassment the same way keep documentation

Copyright

Import because it protects creators work, teachers need to lead by example and use copyright protected materials allowing students to learn the value of original thinking and importance of not plagiarizing

Fair dealing

When using copyright protected materical teachers can only use up to 10% of work, one musical entry form an book, one picute form an out gallery…

Council of ministers of education, Canada

CMEC’s guiding principle is rights of creators need to be balanced with the rights of educational users, they develop poicys’s for copyright.

Open education resources

Materials where the rights owner has made it clear they can be shared within schools to students without having to consider any additional guidelines

Moral rights

Deal with the integrity of the work and the right of the creator to be associated with it- mostly with plays and musicals

Student copyrights

Any original work created by students no matter the medium form is protected the teachers need to make sure the students guardian consent to there work being distributed beyond class walls. Students are not to integrate copyright protected work into their creations even if the school obtained permission form the owner

SOCAN

A licensing agency that allows for student theatrical and musical performances

reasons why students chose online school

1. As a program of choice (to match learning style/preferences)

2. To resolve a timetable issue

3. To complete high school

4. To provide access to courses not available at their own school

As a program of choice

a reason to choose online schooling, to match learning style/preferences. Here, school authorities have the flexibility of teaching in any way as long as education requirements are met; therefore, more applicable for individual learning styles

To Resolve a timetable issue

a reason to choose online schooling. Schools can develop their own online learning program for kids that conflicts with the brick and mortar school, they can be in more than one school program online,e with both schools sharing the responsibility of their success

To help complete highschool

A reason to choose online schooling, the High School Flexibility Enhancement Pilot Project is allowing more Albertans to be educated. Supports credit recovery with a 4th or 5th year of high school and supports students at risk

To provide access to courses not available at their own school

a reason to choose online schooling becouse it provides additional choice to personalize their high school program

Where online learning is offered

Its offered at home, school (classroom, learning commons, and study room), Outreach, community. Also an entire class can take an online course together, it’s not just a solo thing. Students can interact with classmates via technology

Fully online learning

The majority of learning is online, synchronously or asynchronously. It’s ideal for students who are strong, independent learners who can access help when needed throughout the week. Synchronous is key

Considerations are that technology such as web-based conference software, texting apps, and video creation software are needed, as well as staffing to ensure students are well supported

Blended online learning

Learning occurs with online and some face to face interaction. There is a relationship between students and teachers, but still flexible for students to work at their own pace. This can occur with open drop-in times or through required attendance in a traditional classroom at a fixed time. Ideal for students who need an increased level of support in learning, with hands-on equipment that many students may not have. face-to-face. 30-80% of the course content is delivered online

Considerations are the physical space in school for the face-to-face interaction, as staffing is needed to ensure students get academic support

Online and print-based learning

These students benefit from online help combined with printed assignments and course work

Consideration is the creation of print-based material need to be engaging; there are monitoring issues, such as plagiarism

Print-based online learning

It is for students without access to Wifi at home or a computer. Recommended that all print based learning have a strong component of teacher interaction.

Consideration- print-based material needs to be engaging, and issues of plagiarism

Instructional design

Teachers should incorporate research standards for quality online courses and utilize open educational resources.

Accountability

The school system needs an effective management system, provides schools with data to improve performance, create collaborative structures. This can be done through attendance monitoring (not just if there in class but if there attending there learning by completing assignments…)

Synchronous learning

A learning even where the learner and instructor are in the same place at the same time. ie) meeting with students at set times and dates, materials such as assignments, readings and quizzes have deadlines, Students can interact with fellow students or instructors, and online class often occurs via conferencing software

Asynchronous learning

Learning that is not synchronized. there is no time requirement for transmission of information (no deadlines). Coursework is delivered online via forums and allows for students to have a self-paced learning environment

Face to Face model

A blended learning model that's best for teachers who are comfortable with traditional teaching styles but have students who lag behind. The closest model to lecture-style teaching and the most interaction is face-to-face. Online instruction is offered to students who are behind or excel and want more information. Online instruction is used alongside traditional teaching to increase success and educational outcomes

Self-Blend model

A blended learning model thats for students who opt to take online courses outside the time they spend in school allowing students to take course there school dosent offer and take the initiative (mostly high schoolers). Often seen in rual communities.

Concerns are that technology might fail so students have to go to school and use the library computer to do the assignments, and students need to stay motivated in order to not fall behind. Plagiarism

Rotational model

A blended learning model where Students rotate on a fixed schedule between online and face to face learning in a on to one self paced environment. Most in between model in traditional and online learning, The face to face teacher supervises the online course work. This model involves stations with different learning activities, students rotate through these stations throughout the designated learning block. Situations include online learning activities, teacher-led instruction, group work and independent practice

Flex Model

A blended learning model that allows for asynchronous learning. Assignments are completed independently on the computer, and students get to work at their own pace, attending class for focused instruction/group activities. Teachers supervise everything in the classroom and provide one-on-one or group instruction when needed. Mostly for students who need extra support with scheduling challenges. The model can be used in a work study program, for attendance problems and for part-time students, benefiting students who can benifet from their own schedules.

Flipped schedule model

A blended learning model that delivers instructional content, such as videos or readings, online, freeing up class time for more interactive activities like Lab activities, problem-solving, group work, and discussions

Online driver model

A blended learning model that is the most reliant on technology, the teacher takes a facilitator role, students can decide where they would like to work, and all instruction is completed through virtual channels. May only meet the instructor in person during the exam, or in-person class time for clarifications, presentations, etc.

Concerns and limitations of blended learning

Budget and infrastructure, Technology failure, Burn out0 it takes a lot of prep time, Plagiarism and copyright, Privacy and security- make sure to have schools consent to use third party programs

Assistive technology

Universal design for Learning (UDL) focuses on the use of technology to ensure aces by all students is attained

DR David Rose

Co-founder of CAST (center of applied special Technology), exploring the ways of using technology to provide better educational experiences to students with disabilities. Growing into the new field of Universal Design for Learning

Universal Design and principles of AT

Focused on getting marginalized students, designed for the average student (illusory average curriculum). The goal is to design a learning experience that is universal, so everyone learns

3 principles- representation, engagement, and action/expression

Illusory average curriculum

Dr David Rose call it this and its what is used in schools for average kids but theres no such thing as average so its the illusion of an average student. Gifted students also have been underserved by the traditional system.

Representation

A principle of universal design. How does the learner pick up information-aka how do we present infor to learner and thre suld be multiple diffrent formants of presentation so that everyone can make sense of the symboles, and overall information. ie) In math, we can have a symbolic representation (the equation) with a physical representation like blocks.

Engangement

A principle of universal design. How are they engaged by the learning situation, there need to be multiple means and is the most important bc if student not interested then they wont learn

Action and expression

A principle of universal design. How do they express and act upon represented information?, we need to provide multiple means of this because students very greatly on how they express what they know, so like different assignments- some tests some projects

4 main components of a curriculum according to universal design

The goal, what materials are in the classrooms, The methods and Means of assessment