BIO 2311 Exam 2 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to biological tissues, their classifications, and functions as per the lecture notes.

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Transport respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Covering epithelia classification criteria

Number of cell layers and shape of cells.

Epithelia

Tissue that covers surfaces and lines cavities.

Simple squamous epithelium

Enables rapid diffusion due to its thin structure.

Covering and glandular epithelia

Covering epithelia are shape-based; glandular epithelia can be endocrine or exocrine.

Merocrine glands

Glands that release secretions by exocytosis.

Components of connective tissue

Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.

Stratified epithelia

Best epithelial tissue for resisting abrasion.

Major classes of connective tissue

Fibrous, supportive, and fluid.

Loose connective tissue types

Areolar, reticular, and adipose.

Axon

Part of a neuron that transmits information away from the cell body.

Neurons and neuroglia

Two types of nervous tissue cells; neurons send signals, neuroglia support.

Skeletal muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle with cylindrical cells.

Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

Structures at the junction between epidermis and dermis that increase surface area for attachment.

Apocrine secretion

Secretion type that can be masked by deodorants, associated with body odor.

Hypodermis connective tissues

Areolar and adipose tissue that stabilize and insulate.

Exocrine organ with merocrine secretion

Sweat gland, which releases sweat via ducts.

Dense irregular protein fiber

Found in the reticular layer, providing strength in multiple directions.

Terminal hair

Thick, pigmented hair prevalent in adults.

Trajectory of a pin through the palm

Corneum -> lucidum -> granulosum -> spinosum -> basale.

Keratinocytes

Primary epidermal cells that produce keratin for protection.

Areolar connective tissue

Tissue in the papillary dermis that supports capillaries and nerves.

Sensible perspiration

Visible sweat released from sweat glands.

Skin composition

Composed of epidermis and dermis.

First-degree burn affects

Only the epidermis, causing superficial damage.

Trabeculae

Structural units of spongy bone, consisting of thin plates.

Bone classification by tissue

Compact and spongy bone based on density and structure.

Osteons

Units of compact bone found around central canals.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells of bone that form osteoblasts.

Interstitial lamellae location

Located between osteons, filling gaps.

Mature bone cell location

Live in lacunae, small spaces in the matrix.

Intramembranous ossification

Type of ossification that forms flat bones directly from mesenchyme.

Endochondral ossification start location

Begins at the diaphysis, the primary ossification center.

Cartilage types at joints

Hyaline cartilage reduces friction; fibrocartilage resists compression.

Medullary cavity location

Located in the diaphysis, filled with marrow.

Bone shapes

Include flat, irregular, long, and short bones.

Calcium-regulating hormones

Calcitonin lowers calcium levels; parathyroid hormone increases them.