Unit One

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Introduction

80 Terms

1

Community

Different popopulations sharing the same habitat

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Interspecific Interactions

Interactions between different species of a community

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Intraspecific Interactions

Interactions between members of the same species within a community.

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Competition - Definition

Populations competing for shared resources, such as sunlight, water, and nutrients

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Result of competition

negative impact on both species involved (-/-)

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Example of competition

Plants in a forest competing for sunlight

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Predation definition

One species eating another population

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8

Herbivory predation

occurs when herbivores feed on plants, impacting plant populations.

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Example of prredation

Cheetah hunting gazelle vs goat eating grass

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10

Symbiosis definition

A close and long-term interaction between two different species.

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is symbiosis always beneficial for both?

No, it can also be harmful to one

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What are the three types of symbiosis?

Parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

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13

Parasitism definition

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

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Parasitism example

Lice feeding on human blood; benefits the lice, harms the host

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Mutualism definition

Both organisms benefit from the relationship

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Mutualism example

Clownfish and sea anemone; clownfish provide protection, anemone offers shelter

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Commensalism definition

One organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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Commensalism example

Barnacles on whales; barnacles gain mobility and access to food, while whales are unaffected.

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19

Biome definition

A community of plants and animals living in, and adapted to, a certain climate.

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20

Terrestrial Biomes

Heavily influenced by temperature and rainfall

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21

Tropical Rainforest : location

Near the equator

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22

Tropical rainforest : climate

high temperatures and rainfall all year round

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temperate forests : location

30 to 60 degree latitudes north and south of the equator

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temperate forests : climate

well defined seasons, distinct winter period

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Deciduous

trees that shed their leaves seasonally

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temperate deciduous forests : characteristics

cold dry winters, hot humid summers, deciduous trees that shed leaves in winter to conserve energy

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temperate rainforests : climate

mild, frost free winters; consistent rainfall throughout the year

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coniferous

forests characterized by evergreen trees that retain their needles year-round.

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coniferous forests (taiga’s) : location

50 to 60 degree North of the equator

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coniferous forests (taiga’s) : climate

short, warm moist summers, long cold dry winters

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coniferous forests (taiga’s) : features

thin, needle like leaves, seed production in cones

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deserts : location

often at 30 degrees north and south of the equator

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deserts - climate

low and variable rainfall; warmer near the equator

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deserts - adaptations

plants have developed ways to conserve water

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grasslands - location

can occur at any latitude

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grasslands - features

seasonal drought, fires, and herbivore grazing prevent overgrowth of trees and shrubs

Incudes savanna’s and temperate grasslands

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temperate

forests, characterized by distinct seasons and a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees.

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scrublands - location

western coastal regions between 30 and 40 degree latitudes off the equator

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scrublands - climate

more rainfall than deserts and grasslands, less than forests; dominated by shrubs and short trees

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tundra - location

primarily in the arctic

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tundra - climate

cold and dry, short growing season, permafrost present

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tunda - biodiversity

low, but supports specialized plant and animal species

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43

biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem, encompassing species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

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Freshwater biomes include :

ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers, which are critical sources of drinking water

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ponds

smaller, may be seasonal

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lakes

larger and more permanent

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four main zones of a lake

littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic

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1 - littoral zone

shallow, near shore area with ample sunlight and nutrient inputs, supporting diverse life forms

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2 - limnetic zone

the sunlit surface where photosynthesis occurs, supporting phytoplankton, zooplankton, and freshwater fish

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3 - profundal zone

the deeper, dark water layer too dim for photosynthesis, cooler with less dissolved oxygen, home to fish adapted to these conditions

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4 - benthic zone

the bottom layer inhabited by decomposers and organisms that feed on decay, able to survive in low oxygen conditions

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Streams and rivers

serve as flowing bodies of water, draining landscapes and playing vital roles in erosion

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three zones of streams and rivers

source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone

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1 - source zone

headwaters where cold, fast moving water collects, rich in dissolved oxygen and low in nutrients, with limited plant life

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2 - transition zone

where rivers widen, slow down, and warm, carrying more sediment and nutrients, supporting a larger variety of species

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3 - floodplain zone

broad area near the river mouth that floods periodically, creating wetlands and temporary lakes, characterized by warm, nutrient rich waters that sustain high biodiversity

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high biodiversity

refers to the variety and variability of life forms within a given ecosystem, including the number of different species and their abundance.

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Carbon

an essential element that forms the base of all organic red - includes the bodies of living organisms - is a key component of fossil fuels

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carbon dioxide (CO2)

a colorless gas produced by the respiration of animals and the combustion of fossil fuels, playing a significant role in the Earth's carbon cycle and greenhouse effect.

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photosynthesis

the process b which energy from sunlight is used to transform carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the organic matter that fuels food webs

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cellular respiration

the metabolic process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

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carbon cycle - definition

The series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, involving photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.

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carbon reservoirs

most of earths carbon is found in inorganic reservoirs such as rocks, water and sediments. Only a small portion is stored in organic reservoirs, such as in the bodies of living organisms

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Biological carbon cycle

Quick flow of carbon between the atmosphere and ecosystems through biological processes

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key processes of the carbon cycle

include photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion.

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biomass

the total mass of living matter in a given area or volume, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

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geological carbon cycle

The long-term movement of carbon through the Earth's crust, involving processes such as sedimentation, volcanic activity, and weathering.

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weathering - carbon cycle

The process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles, releasing carbon stored in minerals into the atmosphere or oceans.

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dissolution - carbon cycle

The process in which carbon dioxide in water forms carbonic acid, leading to the breakdown of minerals and the release of carbon into solution.

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human impacts on the carbon cycle

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, significantly disrupt the natural carbon cycle by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, leading to climate change and other environmental issues.

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nitrogen Is essential for ____

LIFE. It is a key component of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

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What is the largest resovoir of nitrogen? And how much % does it account for?

the ATMOSPHERE. Nitrogen accounts for about 78% of air.

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steps of the nitrogen cycle

nitrogen fixation, amonification, nitrification, and dentrification

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nitrogen fixation

atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into usable forms through two main processes

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two main nitrogen fixation processes

lightning and nitrogen fixing bacteria

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lightning - nitrogen cycle

energy from lightning converts nitrogen gas and oxygen gas into nitrate, which falls to the Earth in preciptation

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nitrogen - fixing bacteria - nitrogen cycle

in the soil, these bacteria combine nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia

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ammonia

a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, essential for plant growth and a key component in fertilizers.

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ammonification - nitrogen cycle

the process by which organic nitrogen from dead plants and animals is converted into ammonia by bacteria in the soil.

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nitrification - nitrogen cycle

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