A+P Exam 1 --study guide notes

3 anatomical planes

Sagital, midsagittal, transverse

Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Filtration

The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure, typically seen in the kidneys.

Facilitation diffusion

The process by which molecules pass through a cell membrane via a specific transport protein, without the expenditure of energy

Examples of membrane protein functions

Receptors, ion channel carriers, cell indentity markers

What are the membranous organelles?

Nucelus, mitochondria, golgi complex

What are the non-membranous organelles?

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centriole

Rough ER function/purpose

Synthesize proteins

Smooth ER function/purpose

Synthesize lipids, process carbs

Golgi complex function/purpose

Storage and package the proteins

How is cytokinesis related to cell division?

This is the final stage that splits the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two separate daughter cells

3 embryological germ layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

What does polarity refer to?

The apical and basal surfaces of epithelial tissues

Functions of epithelial tissues

Secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, protects underlying tissues

Functions of connective tissues

Support, protection, connect, binding, insulation, immune defense

What is the best type of epithelial tissue for rapid diffusion?

Simple squamous

What type of epithelial tissue is best for protection?

Stratified squamous

What assists epithelial tissues in absorption?

Microvilli — it increases the surface area to absorb nutrients

What assists in moving sheets of mucous in epithelial tissue?

Cilia

Fundamental unit of a bone

Osteon

What are trabecula?

Part of a spongy bone that houses red bone marrow

Glial cells in the CNS

Astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, microglia

Glial cells in the PNS

Satelite and schwann cells

Hyperplasia

the overdevelopment of cells

Functions of the skin

UV protection, sensing/touch, water retention, keeps out microorganisms

Alopecia

Thinning/balding of hair

What is the difference between the axon and dendrite

Axons transmit signals AWAY from the cell body to other cells, and dendrites receive signals from cells

Where is thick skin found?

the palms and soles of feet

Where is thin skin found?

Almost the entire body

3 types of loose connective tissue

Areolar, adipose, reticular

3 types of dense connective tissue

regular, irregular, elastic

3 types of protein fibers found in connective tissue

collagen, reticular, and elastic

Most abundant type of connective tissue

Areolar

Hirsutism

Excessive hair in odd areas

What 2 layers are in the dermis?

Papillary and recticular

How do stretch marks/striae occur?

Tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of skin due to pregnancy or obesity

What is found in the reticular layer of skin?

Dense, irregular connective tissue

What is found in the papillary layer of skin?

Many small blood vessels

Layers of the epidermis

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

keratinized stratified squamous tissue

What causes fingerprints

Dermal papillae

What epidermal layer is not found in thin skin?

stratum lucidum

What is melanin?

A natural pigment for hair, skin, and eye color

What are the sub types of melanin?

Eumelanin — black and brown

Pheomelanin — reddish, yellow

what part of the hair is mitotically active?

hair matrix

Purpose of the piloerector pili muscle

goosebumps

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

ends of joints, respiratory tract

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear, epiglottis

Where is fibrocartilage found?

knee joint, Intervertebral discs, Pubic symphysis

What additional factors contribute to skin coloration?

Hemoglobin (red pigment of red blood cells), carotene

True or False — people have the same number of melanocytes

True

What is lanugo hair?

fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

What is vellus hair?

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth

What is terminal hair?

longer, coarser, and heavily pigmented hair

What is the order of hair growth cycle?

Anagen, catagen, and telogen

What are ceruminous glands?

part of the ear canal only

Aprocrine glands

Only activated at puberty/ADOLESCENSE, produce a thicker and milky sweat in axilla and private areas

Merocrine (errcrine) glands

MANY, 3-4 million in adult skin, any age has them, water perspiration

Endocytosis

vesicular processes that bring material inside/into the cell

Phagocytosis

“cell eating”, engulfing large particles to eat

Pinocytosis

“cell drinking”, taking droplets of molecules to be useful for the cell

Exocytosis

discharging material from the cell

Hypertrophy

An increase in size of cells

Atrophy

the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body, most commonly muscle tissue, caused by a decrease in cell size or cell number

Purpose and location of the meissner corpuscle

detects light touch, fine texture, low frequency vibrations, located in the papillary dermis (upper part of dermis)

Purpose and location of the pacinian corpuscle

detects high frequency vibrations and deep pressure, located in the reticular layer (deepest layer of the dermis)

Lunula

just above the cuticle of the nail, aids in nail cell production

Eponychium

Below the cuticle, protects the nail

Hyponychium

Below the nail if finger is flipped around

Insensible perspiration

the continuous, invisible evaporation of water from the skin and respiratory tract that happens without us noticing it

Mitosis phases

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What phase is this in?

Prophase

What phase is this in?

Metaphase

What phase is this in?

Anaphase

What phase is this in?

Telophase

Collagen fibers

very strong, resist any pulling or tension

What are fibroblasts?

most common type of cell present in connective tissue, help with wound healing

Elastic fibers

can stretch and return back to its original shape, provide strength and flexibility to organs

Reticular fibers

form delicate and supportive networks

Necrosis

premature, uncontrolled death of cells and living body tissue

Apoptosis

programmed cell death that removes old or unwanted cells safely, controlled self destruction

Neoplasm

an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or fail to die at the normal time

Metaplasia

a reversible medical process where one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type in response to chronic environmental stress or irritation

What type of cells do cartilage tissues have?

chondrocytes

Which junction is most water tight?

Tight junction

Tight junctions

Adjacent cells are bound t/g by fusion of outer phospholipid layer of plasma membrane making it impossible for something to pass

Which tissue allows a structure to distend and collapse w damaging its lining

Transitional

What tissue allows diffusion but is more robust than a flat cell

cuboidal

What type of glands produce sweat

Sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine/merocrine)

Hair bulb

the swollen, living base of a hair follicle located deep in the skin where hair growth begins

1st degree burn

Only in epidermis

2nd degree burn

Epidermis and part of dermis

3rd degree burn

Epidermis, dermis, and often deeper tissue

Vitamin D synthesis begins in skin and is completed in what two other places

Liver & kidneys

3 types of formed elements in blood

Rbc, wbc, platelets

Platelets function

stop bleeding by forming emergency clots when a blood vessel gets injured

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? Striations?

Voluntary....striations

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary? Striations?

Involuntary....striations

Is smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary? Striations?

Involuntary...no striations