AP Human Geography Spring Final Review

Flashcards for AP Human Geography Spring Final Review

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Agricultural Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Annexation

To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city.

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Arable Land

Land suited for agriculture

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, a political and economic organization of ten Southeast Asian countries

Back office function

Back office functions include accounting, human resources, and other administrative tasks.

Basic Industry

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers in the community.

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate speculators and unscrupulous mortgage lenders prey on racial transitions in areas near black neighborhoods to trigger the panic sales of white property owners

Branch

A company's facilities (stores, offices) that extend its activities into secondary or tertiary sector.

Break of bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Bulk gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Business Services

Businesses that provide services to other businesses

Caste

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law.

Central city

The urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by suburbs

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Centrifugal forces

Forces that tend to divide a country.

Centripetal forces

Forces that tend to unify a country.

City-State

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside.

Commercial farming

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

Compact state

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

Consumer Services

A service that primarily meets the needs of individual consumers, including retail, education, health, and leisure services.

Cosmogony

The origin of the universe

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

Cultural ecology

A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

Denomination

A division of a branch of a religion that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

Dependency Theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Development Levels

The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Developed country

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

Developing country

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

Devolution

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Double Cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

EEZ

Exclusive Economic Zone - generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast.

Ethnic religion

A belief in a divine power or powers that are the origin of everything in the universe.

Ethnoburb

A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population.

Ethnophobia

Fear of people of a different ethnicity.

EU

An economic association of European nations created in 1957.

Fair Trade

An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit them to organize, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.

Family

Agriculture that provides all of the needs of a family or community

Federal state

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

Filtering

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

Folk regions

An area where many people share a common cultural characteristic.

Food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Fragmented state

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Galactic model

A model showing the stages of urban growth in which types of businesses form rings around the central business district

Gender Inequality Index

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a mostly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Gerrymandering

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Ghetto

A neighborhood in a city set aside by law for residence only by blacks

Gravity Model

A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Greenbelts

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Gross Domestic Product

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

HDI Theory

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Heterogeneity

The quality or state of being diverse in character or content.

Hinterland

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Human Development Index

Level of development based on a combination of income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Israeli/Palestinian Conflict

Ongoing dispute over control of land in Israel and Palestine.

Levels of Economic Activity

The organization of an economy regarding the division of goods and services.

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

Maquiladora

A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Median

The middle number in a series of numbers.

Megalopolis

A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States.

Metropolitan statistical area

In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Microfinance

Provision of small loans to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.

Monotheism

Belief in the existence of only one god.

Multinational State

A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Multiple Nuclei Theory

A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve

Myanmar Conflict

ongoing conflict in Myanmar, also known as Burma, involving multiple ethnic groups and government forces.

NAFTA

An agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in goods and services between the countries.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Nationality

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country

New Urbanism

A planning and development approach based on the principles of walkable blocks and streets, accessible public spaces, and a mix of land uses.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Periphery

The outer regions of a state that are dependent on the core.

Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another one.

Public Housing

Housing owned by the government; in the US, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30% of the residents' income.

Purchasing Power Parity

The amount of money that one currency can buy compared to another country.

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Rank-Size distribution

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Regionalism

Loyalty to a local area

Rwandan Conflict

A genocidal conflict that occurred in Rwanda in 1994 between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Coincided with the industrial revolution; new technologies such as the steel plow and advancements in planting, harvesting, and irrigation means that less people were needed on farms

Sect

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

Sector Model

A model explaining where different types of businesses should be located within a city.

Secularism

The principle of separation of the state from religious institutions.

Semi Periphery

Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Standard language

The official language recognized in a country.

Sudanese conflict

Ongoing conflict in Sudan involving multiple ethnic groups and government forces.

Suffrage

The right to vote

Super nationalism

A venture involving 3 or more national states political ,economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives