151 Lecture Exam

Intervertebral Discs

located between bodies of vertebrae, begins from 2nd Cervical to Sacrum, absorbs shock,

Intervertebral Discs (Composition)

Outer ring is formed of fibrocartilage (Annulus Fibrosus)

Inner Nucleus(Nucleus Pulpous)

Layer of Hyaline cartilage on top and bottom of discs

Cervical Vertebrae

Bifid Spinous process

Transverse foramen

Atlas and Axis

Thoracic Vertebrae

Costal Facets, Articulation with ribs, blunted transverse process

Lumbar Vertebrae

Thick body, superior articulating process points medially

Sacrum

Articulates with Ilia, 5 fused vertebrae = 1 Bone

Coccyx

4 vertebrae that fuse, small triangle shape

Thorax Cavity

12 pair of ribs

Sternum

Vertebrae

Sternum

Manubrium - Rib one attaches

Sternal angle - Landmark for rib 2

Sternum

Xiphoid process

Vertebrosternal

True ribs

7 pairs of rib

Directly connected to Sternum

Vertebrochondral Ribs

False rib

cartilage connects to cartilage connected to sternum

3 pairs

Vertebral ribs

floating

Not connected to sternum

2 pairs

Articulation

rib facets articulate with costal facets

Articular facet on rib articulates with transverse process

Erector Spinae Muscles

Iliocostalis(Most lateral)

Longissimus(Intermediate)

Spinalis(Most medial)

Transversospinales

Multifidus, rotatores

Responsible for back rotation

Pectoral Girdle - Clavicle

Sternal (Medial) - Articulates with manubrium of sternum

Acromial(Lateral) - Articulates with acromion of scapula

Pectoral Girdle - Scapula

Flat bone located in superior part of posterior thorax between second and seventh ribs

Glenoid cavity is attachment point for humerus

Boney Features - Supraspinous fossa; Infraspinous fossa; Acromion; Coracoid process; Spine; Glenoid cavity; Subscapular fossa

Coracoacromial Ligament

Acromion to Coracoid process(Both part of Scapula)

Coracoclavicular Ligament

Conoid ligament (coracoid process on the scapula to the underside of the clavicle at the conoid tubercle)

Trapezoid ligament (clavicle to the corachoid process of the scapula)

Acromioclavicular Ligament

Connects Acromion and Clavicle

Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament

Bridges suprascapular notch(Same bone)

Pectoralis Minor

Origin - rib 3-5

Insertion - Coracoid Process

Serratus Anterior

Origin - Rib 1-8

Insertion - Medial border of Scapula

Levator Scapulae

Origin - Transverse Process of C1-C4

Insertion - Superior medial border of Scapula

Rhomboid Minor

Origin - Spinous Process of C7-T1

Insertion - Medial Border of Scapula

Rhomboid Major

Origin - Spinous Process of T1-T5

Medial Border of Scapula

Coracohumeral Ligament

Coracoid Process of Scapula to Greater Tubercle of Humerus

Secures shoulder joint superiorly

Glenohumeral Ligament

(Superior, Middle, Inferior) Connects Glenoid fossa to Humerus

Glenoid Cavity

Covered in articular cartilage

Glenoid Labrum(Deep)

Thin white layer of tissue surrounding glenoid cavity

Helps seat head of humerus in place cavity

Articular Capsule

Seals joint from outside, Contains synovial Fluid

Supraspinatus(Intrinsic)

Origin - Supraspinous Fossa

Insertion - Greater tubercle

Action - Abducts arm

Infraspinatus(Intrinsic)

Origin - Infraspinous

Insertion - Greater tubercle

Action - Laterally rotates arm

Teres Major(Posterior)

Origin - Inferior Angle of Scapula

Insertion - Medial lip of interbecular sulcus

Action - Adduction of Humerus

Teres Minor(Intrinsic)

Origin - Inferior lateral border

Insertion - Greater tubercle

Action - Laterally rotates arm

Subscapularis(Intrinsic)

Origin - Subscapular fossa

Insertion - Lesser tubercle

Action - Medially Rotates arm

Pectoralis Major(Anterior)

Origin - Clavicular Head, Sternum, Cartilage of rib 2-6

Insertion - Greater tubercle, Lateral lip of interbecular sulcus

Action - Transverse Adduction

Deltoid(Anterior)

Origin - Anterior(Acromial Extremity of Clavicle

Lateral(Acromion of Scapula)

Posterior(Spine of Scapula)

Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity

Action - Flex, extend and abduct shoulder

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin - Spine of T7-L5, Crest of Sacrum and Ilium, Ribs 9-12

Insertion - Intertubercular Sulcus

Action - Adduction of humerus

Muscle Tissue Functions

Producing body movements

Reservoir for energy substrates

Endocrine Functions

Generating heat (Up to 80% of energy is lost as heat)

Smooth Muscle

Many places, Involuntary control, single Nuclei, no striation, Disordered & overlapping

Cardiac Muscle

Contract heart, pump blood, involuntary control, Striated, branched paths contain gap junctions

Skeletal Muscles

Moves bone, voluntary control and involuntary like breathing, Striated dark vertical lines, multi-nucleated, linear arrangement

Tendon

Skeletal muscle attaches to bone through tendon

Epimysium

Most superficial layer of fibrous connective tissue

Surrounds entire muscle and is continuous with tendon

Perimysium

Connective tissue and covers each fascicle

Endomysium

Covers plasma membrane(Sarcolemma) of each individual muscle fiber

Contains vessels & Nerves that supply muscle

Myofibrils

Made up of filaments, allow muscle to contract, 80% of a muscle is myofibril

Filaments

Thick(Myosin)

Thin(Actin)

Slide of each other to allow contraction

Transverse Tubules

Projections of Sarcolemma, relays ions from sarcolemma to inner myofibrils

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Storage place for calcium in muscle cell, close proximity to T-tubules, spreads out across length of myofibrils

Glycogen Granules

Stored form of glucose, energy required for muscle contraction

Myoglobin

Involved in oxygen delivery to muscle cell

Mitochondria

Energy prodocution

Z-Discs

Connection points between sarcomeres, anchors thin filaments

M-line

Middle of sarcomere, made of support proteins that arrange thick filaments

A-Band

Length of thick filaments, main location of contraction shortening, some overlap of thick and thin filaments

I-Band

Connection point between sarcomeres, thin filaments only

H-Zone

In A-band, only thick filaments

Contractile Proteins

Actin(Thin) Anchored to Z-disc

Myosin(Thick) Anchored to M-Line

Regulatory Proteins

Troponin, Tropomyosin

Structural Protein

Titin - Connects Z-disc to M-line

A-Actinin - Makes up Z-disc, binding to thin filaments

Dystrophin

Increase Force

Recruit more muscle, amplify activated muscle

Skeletal muscle fiber types

Type I - Fatigue resistant, not very powerful

Type II - Very Powerful, very fatigable

Type IIa - Intermediate

Motor Unit

Consists of a somatic motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates

Strength of muscle contraction depends on how many motor units are activated