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Medium/media
Tools to deliver and/or store ideas and/or information.
Historiography
A study of how history has come to be understood; a history of history.
Technological determinism
The idea that technology shapes society and culture in a one-way manner.
Communicative artifact
An object that conveys a message or communicates meaning.
Venus of Willendorf
A 30,000-year-old artifact found in Germany, considered an early communicative object.
Cave paintings
Paleolithic images found in caves, representing early forms of human communication.
Pre-writing
Communication methods used before the development of written language.
Writing system
A method of representing language in visual form; for example, cuneiform developed by Sumerians.
Cuneiform
The first full writing system developed by the Sumerians around 3200 BCE.
Quipu
A method of record-keeping used by the Inca civilization, involving knotted strings.
Oral culture
A culture where knowledge is passed through spoken communication rather than written texts.
Literate culture
A culture where knowledge is documented and communicated through writing.
Abstract capacity
The ability of a system or method to represent complex ideas or quantities using symbols.
Power and knowledge
The relationship between control over information and authority within a society.
Papyrus
An ancient writing medium made from the papyrus plant, lightweight compared to stone.
Sound as a medium
Characteristics of sound include being spherical, immersive, and ephemeral.
Visual perception
Direction-based perception that contrasts with sound's all-encompassing nature.
Sumerian clay tablets
Ancient writing materials used for legal contracts and record-keeping.
Non-verbal gestures
Communicative actions that do not involve spoken language.
Decorated graves
Artifacts from prehistory indicating more sophisticated forms of communication.
Centralized authority
The concentration of power within a single governing entity, often linked to the development of writing.
Note 
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