Psych ch 15 - psychological disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by a lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds.

Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior.

Atypical

Describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

preoccupation w perceived flaws in physical appears that aren’t observable or slight to others

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment.

Comorbidity

Co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual.

Delusion

Belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization or BOTH

Depressive Disorder

One of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature.

Diagnosis

Determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

Authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Diathesis-Stress Model

Suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress.

Disorganized Thinking

Disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says.

Dissociative Disorders

Group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from their core sense of self.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities.

Etiology

Cause or causes of a psychological disorder.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.

Grandiose Delusion

Characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important.

Hallucination

Perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation.

Hoarding Disorder

Characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A classification system for diseases and health conditions.

Major depressive disorder

Commonly referred to as 'depression' or 'major depression,' characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well as other symptoms

Mania

euphoric mood, little need 4 sleep, goal directed, increased pleasure seeking (displaying 3+ of symptoms)

Manic episode

Period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms

Mood disorder

One of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges

Panic attack

Period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological

Paranoid delusion

Characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them

Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)

major depression during pregnancy or in 4 weeks after birth

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood + longer lasting but not as severe as major depression

Personality disorder

Group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the cultural expectations and causes distress and impairment

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month

Psychological disorder

Condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Psychopathology

Study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes (etiology), and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder

Rumination

In depression it’s the repetitive and passive focus on fact that one is + dwelling on symptoms instead of distracting self

Safety behavior

Mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder where there are disturbances in thoughts, commnctns, and emotions including delusions and hallucinations

Seasonal pattern

applies 2 situations in which person experiences major depressive disorder only during certain time of year

Social anxiety disorder

Characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

Somatic delusion

Belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs

Specific phobia

experiencing excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

Suicidal ideation

Thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt

Suicide

Death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behavior

Supernatural

Describes a force beyond scientific understanding

Fear

instant reaction 2 imminent threat

1. Verbal transmission of info

• A child is continuously told that snakes are dangerous → child starts fearing snakes

1. Vicarious learning 

• Child observes cousin react w fear around spiders → later expresses the same fears even tho spiders have never presented any danger 2 him

Psychodynamic

• intrapsychic conflicts in unconscious lead 2 disorders

Behavioral perspective on psychological disorder

environmental reinforces of atypical behaviors lead to “learning” psychological disorders

Cognitive perspective on psychological disorders

• distorted thought patterns lead 2 disorders

dualism

• mind and body are separate entities

Agoraphobia

• fear of marketplace, intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations difficult 2 escape or receive help if experiencing panic attacks 

Amygdala in depression

• important in assessing emotional significance of stimuli and experiencing emotions

prefrontal cortex in depression

important in regulating and controlling emotions

depersonalization

• feelings of unreality or detachment from, or unfamilrty w one’s whole self or from aspects of the self

Derealization

•  a sense of “unreality or detachment/unfamiliar w/ world, whether indvls, inanimate objects, or all surroundings

Thought withdrawal/insertion delusion

• thoughts have been taken out or put in head by something or someone else

Aaron Beck (1960s)

Depression-prone ppl possess predispositions to think about most things in – way (depressive schemas)

psychotic (psychosis)

• Behavior characterized by loss of touch w reality

Cluster A

• Odd or eccentric

1. Schizotypal personality disorder

2. Paranoid personality disorder

3. Schizoid personality disorder

 Cluster B

• Impulsive, overly emotional and erratic

1. Antisocial persntly disrd

2. Borderln prsntly disrd

3. Histrionic prsntly disrd

4. Narcstc prsntly disrd

Cluster C

• Nervous and fearful

1. Avoidant prsntly discord

2. Dependent personality discord

3. OCD