Comms exam 2

nonverbal communication

all aspects of communication other than words

how much of communication is verbal?

7%

How much of communication is nonverbal?

93%

Vocal Nonverbal

communication that is vocal but not actual words

Paralanguage

the way a message is spoken/vocal, nonverbal; pitch, rate, tone, volume, fillers, sighs

Nonvocal nonverbal

appearance, physical attractiveness, clothing/artifacts, kinesics, face and eyes, touch, proxemics, territoriality, chonemics, olfactics, physical enviornment

Kinesics

Body position/movement/action

illustrators

occur during speech

emblems

have a direct verbal translation

oculesics

face and eyes

haptics

touch

proxemics

study of space

territoriality

extension of one's physical being/stationary space

chonemics

time

olfactics

smell

Expectancy Violations Theory

enhances our understanding of how expectations influence conversational distance. The theory uncovers what takes place in the minds of communicators and how communicators monitor nonverbal behavior during their conversations

Nonverbal characteristics/principals

it exists, nonverbal skills are a necessity, all behavior has communicative value, is culturally bound, is primarily relational, nonverbal communication is ambiguous

Nonverbal Functions

These behaviors interact with verbal communication. Repeating, substituting, complementing, accenting/highlighting, contradicting, regulating, deceiving

When the verbal and nonverbal messages contradict, which message are people most likely to believe?

Nonverbal

Regulators

cues that help control verbal interaction

Manipulators

fidgeting

Gestures

movement of the hands and arms

Disfluencies

filler words

Intimate Distance

touch to 18"

Personal Distance

18" to 4'

Social Distance

4' to 12'

Public Distance

12' and beyond

Listening

a complex process that consists of being mindful, hearing, selecting and organizing information, interpreting communication, responding and remembering

Stage 1 of listening process

Hearing/Selecting

Hearing/Selecting

Recall that hearing is the physical process of perceiving sound. This is the process of selecting the noise that you want to hear

Stage 2 of listening process

Attending

Attending

A psychological process and is the process of selection. This is where the individual is turning their attention to the thing they heard

Stage 3 of the listening process

Understanding

Understanding

Occurs when we make sense of a message. You have to understand the words that are spoken to you in order to be an effective listener

Stage 4 of the listening process

Responding

Responding

Responding to a message consists of giving observable feedback to the speaker. Although listeners don't always respond visibly to a speaker, research suggests they should do so more often. Giving the person who's talking an indication that you are listening/understanding what they are saying in a postivie way. Doing so while trying not to refute the speaker.

Stage 5 of the listening process

Remembering

Remembering

The ability to recall information. Research shows that you remember only 50% of what you hear immediately after hearing it. Within eight hours, it drops down to 35%. After 2 months the average recall is only about 25%. This is the hardest stage for individuals in the listening process

Message overload

Trying to do too many things at once. (Example: Trying to play video games, listen to music, watch a show and talk to someone on the phone all at the same time.

Message Complexity

The message just doesn't make sense to you, as it is just too complex to figure out in your mind

External noise

People talking, coughing, playing music, etc.

Situational Obstacles

Message overload, message complexity, external noise

Internal Obstacles

Hearing problems, lack of training, preoccupation, rapid thought, prejudgements, lack of effort, faulty assumptions, media influence

hearing problems

hearing aid, reading lips, needing to look at people when they talk

lack of training

listening does not come naturally, it is a skill

preoccupation

thinking about other stuff while the other person is talking

rapid thought

processing info faster than the person is speaking (example: someone is talking, and you already know where the conversation is going, so you tune out)

prejudgements

you think you know what they are going to say so you prejudge and sometimes end up not actually getting what they meant to say

lack of effort

it actually takes work to be a listener

faulty assumptions

All of the following are false:
-effective communication is the senders responsibility
-listening is passive
-talking has more advantages than listening

true or false? effective communication is the senders responsibility

false

true or false? listening is passive

false

true or false? talking has more advantages than listening

false

media influence

creates poor listening habits

ineffective listening

ways that individuals can make poor choices while going through the listening process

pseudo listening

Aka fake listening. An imitation of the real thing/an act put on to fool the speaker. They give the appearance of being attentive when in reality they aren't listening at all.

stage-hogging

Aka conversational narcissists. They try to turn the topic of converstation to themselves instead of showing interest in the speaker.

selective listening

respond only to the parts of the speakers remarks that interests them, rejecting everything else

insulated listening

instead of looking for specific information, these people avoid it. Whenever a topic arisese that they would rather not deal with, those who use insulated listening simply fail to hear or acknowledge it.

Defensive listening

Take others remarks as personal attacks. Example: "How was your day?" "What's it to you?"

Ambushing

Listen carefully to you, but only becuase they are collecting information that they'll use to attack what you say. Something you say one day can be brough up in a fight/conversation another day.

Insensitive Listening

Respond to the superficial content in a message, but miss the more important emotional info that may not be expressed directly

Informational listening

ways to help gather information (examples: talk less, get rid of distractions, dont judge prematurely, look for key ideas, ask sincere questions, use aids, paraphrase)

Relational Listening

listening to help

Advising

offering a solution

analyzing

interpreting the situation

judging

evaluating thier mindset; judging the person

questioning

clarifying the context

supporting

sympathy, solidarity

prompting

encouraging to continue

paraphrasing

confirming what is being said

Hearing

the process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain.

Mindful listening

giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the speaker.

Mindless listening

reacting automatically and routinely, without much mental investment.

Listening fidelity

the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender intended

Empathic - objective listening

the extent to which you focus on feeling what the speaking is feeling

Nonjudgmental - critical listening

the extent to which you accept and support the speaker

Surface - depth listening

the extent to which you focus on the obvious surface meanings

Active - inactive listening

the extent to which you reflect back on what you think the speaker means in content and feeling

Back-channeling cues

responses a listener makes to a speaker that you are listening

Silent listening

staying attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering any verbal feedback

Climate

Emotional/social tone of a relationship
-They are formed by verbal and nonverbal messages
-the messages can be either confirming or disconfirming

Edorsement

Strongest confirming message

Acknowledgement

Engaged confirming message

Recognition

most basic confirming message

Verbal abuse

name calling

interrupting

stage-hogging

ambiguous

multiple meanings (saying "interesting" and not know how they meant it)

Incongruous

deny/contradict (verbal and nonverbal contradict)

Irrelevant

off topic (bringing up something else)

Impersonal

Cliche

Impervious

ignore/no response

Disconfirming messages

verbal abuse, interrupting, ambiguous, incongruous, irrelevant, impersonal, impervious

Evaluation

judging

description

free from bias

certainty

cannot be wrong

provisionalism

confident in decision but may change based on new info

Strategy

manipulating, planned

Spontaneity

open, honest, non-manipulative

Control

overpower the other