Chapter 9 (8)_Fundamentals of Phonetics

idiolect

a speech pattern unique to an individual, based on dialect and personal speaking habit

Standard American English (SAE)

a form of English that is relatively devoid of regional characteristics; the English used in textbooks and by national broadcasters

formal standard English

the English of dictionaries, grammar books, and most printed manner; the idealized form of English used in teaching English

informal standard English

based on listener judgements of patterns of spoken English deemed to be acceptable or not

vernacular dialect

the variety of language spoken by a non-standard speaker of a language

accent modification

therapy for a non-native speaker of English, designed to increase speech intelligibility, without jeopardizing the integrity of the individual's first dialect

Telsur Project

a telephone survey conducted by the University if Pennsylvania to study variation in vowel production across the United States

chain shift

a dialectal modification in the pronunciation of English vowels, reflecting an alteration in their place of production; the change in the articulatory target for one vowel has a relative effect on the targets for one

vowel merger

a dialectal modification in which vowels with separate articulations fuse into one similar place of articulation

Northern Cities Shift

an ongoing change in the production of vowels, causing a shift from their standard place of articulation in the vowel quadrilateral; seen in the northern tier of the United States in cities such as Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo

Southern Shift

an ongoing change in the production of vowels, causing a shift from their standard place of articulation in the vowel quadrilateral; this shift is seen in the southern, middle Atlantic, and southern mountain states

Back Upglide Shift

a chain shift associated with the South

Low Back Merger

a dialectal variation reflecting a change in the articulatory targets so that no differentiation occurs in their production; characteristic of certain Western, Midwestern, and New England speakers

General American English

sometimes used synonymously with Standard American English to denote a form of English devoid of any regional pronunciation; may be used when comparing regional or ethnic dialects to a national "standard"

Southern American English

a regional dialect spoken in the Southern and South Midland states

diphthong simplification/monophthongization

the process of producing a diphthong as a monophthong

derhotacization

the loss of r-coloring of the central vowels and postvocalic /r/

Eastern American English

a regional dialect of English spoken in the New England states and in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

sociolect

a dialect associated with a particular social class

ethnolect

a dialect associated with a particular ethnic group

African American English (AAE)

a dialect of English, spoken throughout the United States, traced back to the dialects of English spoken in Britain and brought to America by British settlers; also referred to as Black English, Black English Vernacular, African American Vernacular English, and Ebonics

pidgin

a language that results when individuals speaking two different languages begin to communicate; typically characterized as having a reduced vocabulary and grammar

creole

a pidgin language that is passed on to a new generation of users

language transfer

the incorporation of native language features into the target language as the second language is being learned

English Language Learner (ELL)

an individual who is attempting to master English as a second language