L16- Hubs 2

Which of these is not associated with the respiratory membrane?

• Capillary endothelium

• Simple squamous epithelium

• Type 2 pneumocytes

• Fused basement membrane

• Type 2 pneumocytes

Which Cells remove debris from the alveoli?

Macrophages

What lines our body cavities?

Serous membranes (double layered secretory tissue with fluid beteen layers)

What are the two layers of the Serous membranes?

• Visceral layer on the organ

• Parietal Layer on the body wall

What are the two body cavities?

• Thoraic cavity(pericardium and pleura 2x)

• Abdominopelvic cavity(peritoneum)

What does the thoraic Cavity Contain?

• Mediastinum

  -Heart, vessels, pericardium

• Pleural Cavities (2x)

  -Lungs

what are the boundaries of the Thoraic Cavity?

• Anterior: Sternum

• Posterior: Thoracic Vertebrae

• lateral: Ribs

• Superior: Base of Neck

• Inferior: Diaghram

In the pleural cavities why are the lungs seperate?

So if one stops functioning you have another

where does the 1* bronchus, vessels enter?

Hilum of lung

What are the parts of the pleura?

Pleural cavity, Parietal Pleura and the visceral pleura

What is ventilation driven by?

Pressure change in the thoracic cavity

Pressure is inversily proprtional to what?

Volume

Inspiration means?

Volume increases

Expiration means?

Volume decreases

What is boyles law?

P= 1/V

Where will air try to move to?

A Low pressure space

What do we need to establish to make air move?

A pressure gradient

Bewteen breaths , what is happenign with the gradient

There is none because pressure inside = pressure outside

Increasing volume means?

Air flows in (as theres decreased pressure)

Decreases Volume means?

Air flows out(as thers increased pressure )

What are the anterior joints of the thorax

• Sternocostal(synovial, except 1st- cartilaginous)

• Costochondral(cartilaginous)

• Interchondral(synovial)

What are the joints of the thorax from sternum to ribs?

Via costal cartilage(hyaline)

• Synovial joints

• Cartilaginous joints

Posterior Joints of the thorax?

• Costotransverse(between rib and transverse process of vertebrae)

• Costovertebral(between rib and body of vertebrae)

What do we need to create movement? and what allows movement?

Muscle and joints

Which of the thoracic joints are NOT synovial joints?

Costochondral Joints

The articulation between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs involves two main types of joints, which are? and what type?

• Costotransverse

• Costovertebral

  -Synovial joints

What are the primary muscles of respiration?

• Diaphragm

• Intercostals

Are accessory muscles always active?

No, only when needed

What does the respiratory muscles allow us to do?

Breath

What is the diaphragm made of?

Sheet of skeletal muscle

What seperates the thorax from the abdomen?

The diaphragm

What shape is the diaphragm when relaxed?

Dome- shaped

What flattens when contracted?

The diaphragm

In the diaphragm Contraction expands the what?

And compresses the ?

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

What are the openings of the diaphragm?

• Sternum

• Esophagus

• Aorta

• Inferior Vena Cava

• 12th rib

Where does the intercostal muscles attach?

They attach diagonally between neighbouring ribs

What does the external intercostals do?

• Lift ribcage and expand cavity

• Inspiration- quiet and focused

What does the Internal intercostals do?

• Depress ribcage and decrease cavity

• Forced expiration only

What does the accessory muscles attach to?

The thoracic cage

Some accessory muscles increase what? and decrease what?

Cavity volume for forced inspiration

and decrease cavity volume for forced expiration

What happens to Muscles during Inspiration?

• During ‘‘normal/ quiet’’ inspiration

  -Diaphram contracts= flattens

  -External intercostals= lift ribs

• During ‘‘active/forced’’ inspiration

  • The above, plus accesory muscles contract to further expand thoracic cavity

What happens to Muscles during Expiration?

-During ‘‘normal/ quiet’’ expiration

-Diaphram relaxes= dome shaped

-Passive process

-External intercostals relax = ribs no longer lifted

• During ‘‘active/forced’’ expiration

  - Internal Intercostals contract= depress ribs

  -Accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume

How do the lungs expand as the cavity does?

• Lung tissue is elastic and always trying to recoil

• The pleura makes the lungs ‘stick’ to the thoraic wall

• Lungs expand during inspiration

• Lungs contract during expiration

Thoraic movement=?

Pleura

What makes up the pleura?

• Thoraic wall

• Parietal pleura

• pleural fluid

• visceral pleura

What does the visceral pleura lie on?

The lungs

What lies the thoraic wall?

Parietal pleura

What lies inbetween the visceral and parietal?

Pleural fluid

Whats the puropse of the Pleural fluid?

Creates a slippery surface for frictionless movement against other structures

-Its a fluid bond causing lungs to ‘stick’ to the thoracic wall

Thoracic wall movement results in?

Lung movement

Increase in volume,e of thorax=

Increase volume of lung= decreas pressure in lung= air flows in