Endocrine System and Blood: Key Concepts for Exam Review

Which condition is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Which condition involves low ADH and large amounts of dilute urine?

Diabetes insipidus

Which disease is associated with hyperthyroidism and antibodies that mimic TSH?

Graves' disease

Which anterior pituitary hormone promotes body growth?

Growth hormone (GH)

Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone, cortisol, and adrenal androgens

What does CRH cause the anterior pituitary to release?

ACTH

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?

It has a specific receptor for the hormone

What is insulin's main effect on blood glucose?

Lowers blood glucose

Where is insulin produced?

Pancreatic beta cells

What is glucagon's main effect on blood glucose?

Raises blood glucose

Where is glucagon produced?

Pancreatic alpha cells

Where is oxytocin synthesized?

Hypothalamus

Which process is promoted by oxytocin during labor?

Uterine contractions

What type of feedback occurs during oxytocin-driven labor?

Positive feedback

GH hypersecretion in children can cause what?

Gigantism

GH hypersecretion in adults can cause what?

Acromegaly

Which hormone is most associated with long-term stress?

Cortisol

Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause which type of anemia?

Pernicious anemia

Why does diabetes mellitus cause polyuria?

Glucose in urine pulls water into kidney tubules

What mineral is required to make thyroid hormones?

Iodine

Which hormones are steroid hormones?

Hormones derived from cholesterol

What is characteristic of steroid hormones?

They are lipid-soluble and bind intracellular receptors

Type 2 diabetes is associated with what problem?

Insufficient insulin and/or reduced ability to use insulin

What is aldosterone's normal effect in the kidneys?

Increase Na+ and water reabsorption and K+ secretion

What are the three major formed elements of blood?

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Which ion is most abundant in plasma/ECF?

Sodium (Na+)

Which ion is most abundant inside cells?

Potassium (K+)

About what percentage of plasma is water?

90%

What is the main respiratory protein inside RBCs?

Hemoglobin

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind?

4

Where are blood cells produced?

Red bone marrow

What hormone stimulates RBC production?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Where is EPO produced mainly?

Kidneys

Which WBC is especially associated with acute bacterial infection and phagocytosis?

Neutrophil

Which WBC is associated with parasites and allergies?

Eosinophil

Which WBC releases histamine and participates in inflammation?

Basophil

Which WBC becomes a macrophage after leaving the bloodstream?

Monocyte

Which WBC provides a specific immune response?

Lymphocyte

Which cells are granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Which cells are agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

What happens first when platelets form a platelet plug?

Platelets adhere to the damaged vessel

What is a monocyte's characteristic nucleus shape?

Kidney-shaped

Which blood component is a cell fragment rather than a complete cell?

Platelet

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

What structure houses the pituitary gland?

Sella turcica

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Anterior to the trachea, inferior to the larynx

What is the hematocrit?

Percentage of blood volume that is RBCs

What is anemia?

Too few RBCs, causing inadequate oxygen delivery