Guidance & Counseling Prelims

Principle of all-round development of the individual

Guidance must take into account the all-round development of the individual when bringing about desirable adjustment in any particular area of his personality.

The principle of human uniqueness.

No two individuals are alike. Individuals differ in their physical, mental, social and emotional development. Guidance service must recognise these differences and guide each individual according to their specific need.

Principle of holistic development.

Guidance has to be imparted in the context of total development of personality. The child grows as a whole and even if one aspect of personality is in focus, the other areas of development which are indirectly influencing the personality have also to be kept in mind.

The principle of cooperation.

No individual can be forced into guidance. The consent and cooperation of the individual is a pre-requisite for providing guidance.

The principle of continuity

Guidance should be regarded as a continuous process of service to an individual in different stages of his life.

The principle of extension.

Guidance service should not be limited to a few persons, who give observable evidence of its need, but it should be extended to all persons of all ages, who can benefit from it directly or indirectly.

The principle of elaboration

Curriculum materials and teaching procedures should be elaborated according to the view point of guidance.

The principle of adjustment.

While it is true that guidance touches every aspect of an individual’s life, it is chiefly concerned with an individual’s physical or mental health, with his adjustment at home, school, society and vocation.

Principle of individual needs

The individual and his needs are of utmost significance. Recognition of individual freedom, worth, respect and dignity is the hallmark of guidance. Freedom to make a choice and take a decision needs to be respected and encouraged.

The principle of expert opinion

Specific and serious guidance problems should be referred to persons who are trained to deal with particular area of adjustment for their expert opinion.

The principle of evaluation.

The guidance programme should be evaluated in terms of its effectiveness and improvement. Evaluation is essential for the formulation of new goals or re-drafting the existing goals.

The principle of responsibility.

Parents and teachers have great responsibility in the execution of the work of guidance. The responsibility for guidance should be centred on a qualified and trained person, who is the head the guidance centre.

The principle of periodic appraisal.

Periodic appraisal should be made of the existing guidance programme so that requisite changes, if any can be carried out for its improvement.

Frank Parsons

• involvement in the vocational guidance movement

• founded an institute at the Civic Service House in 1905, that offered vocational courses to underprivileged workers. In 1909 worked on the  development of the Boston Vocational Bureau, which lead into the implementation of vocational guidance programs in the Boston public school system

Jesse B. Davis

was considered the very first school counselor in the United States. He was the first to implement a guidance program in the Michigan public schools. He became an intrical part in the development vocational guidance programs

1936 George Dean Act

The 1920's and into the 1930's  public schools began to see a need for guidance and counseling beyond the vocational relm. Students needed personal, social, and academic guidance and counseling advice as well. The Great Depression of the 1930's limited the amount of funding provided to counseling programs.

The ____ was passed which provided funding that would be used directly for vocational guidance counseling

1951 Carl Rogers

• American psychologist that introduced "non directive" or "client centered" counseling.

• published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 & Client-Centered Therapy in 1951

• theory advised against the counselor giving advice and put more emphasis on the client controlling the content discussed. Allowing the client to feel genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding

American School Counselor Association

ASCA

1958 National Defense Education Act

provided funding to US Educational institutions (Dwight D. Eisenhower)

in competition with the soviet union

1960s

introduced new counseling theories and theorist. During this time the legislature showed support and amended the National Defense Education Act providing additional funding for training and hiring of counselors

1970's Education for All Handicapped Children Act

emphasised the services provided by the school counselor as well as meeting the needs of a students with disabilities.

This act insures and protects the rights of all individuals in the public school system. Implementing individualized educational plan with parental involvement

Dr. Frtiz Perl

Gestalt

Dr. Glasser

reality therapy and choice theory

choice theory

based on the simple premise that every individual only has the power to control themselves and has limited power to control others.

reality therapy

people make decisions based on their most basic needs and past.

Rollo May

existential psychologist

ames krumboltz

• social learning theory

• learning theory

• happenstance theory - makes it okay to not always plan,

1990's National Standards for Professional School Counselors

identify and prioritize the specific attitudes, knowledge and skills that students should be able to demonstrate as a result of participating in a school counseling program

Dr. Sinforoso Padilla

(PH) established a psychological clinic in 1932 and ran it until 1941 out of great concern for situations involving student discipline and emotional, academic, and professional challenges.

Nov 1945

The first guidance institute in the philippines was established in _____, and the Bureau of Public School Teachers began sending instructors as pensionados to other countries to observe and research guidance services.

clifford beers

his own battl w/ mental illness exposed the poor conditions of mental intutions (A Mind That Found Itsellf 1908)

Abraham and Hannah Stone

the first marriage and family counseling center in NYC

EG Williamson

developed first theory of counseling to work with students and the unemployed (trait factor counseling)

Gilbert Wrenn

book: The Counselor in a Changing World

Centralized Counselling

Responsibilities are given to a group of trained personnel from the guidance and counselling department.

Decentralized Counselling

Responsibilities are given mainly to teachers.

Combination

Both teachers + experts provide guidance and counselling.