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thomas hobbes
ppl give up rights to ruler in order for law & in order = social contract
people have the right to rebel if their rights are taken away
john locke
people are born with natural rights → life, liberty, & property
purpose of govt. is to protect natural rights = social contract [Hobbes had same idea]
thomas jefferson
people are born with natural rights → life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness [locke had same idea]
purpose of government is to protect natural rights and if not people have the right to rebel [hobbes had same idea]
jean-jacques rousseau
ppl give govt. their power = democracy
job of govt. is to do what is best for the ppl
if ppl don’t agree w/ govt. they can form a new one
wrote the book social contracts [jefferson, Hobbes, & locke had this idea]
voltaire
v = voice
believed all ppl had freedom of speech & religious freedom
hoped for equality for all & realized it wouldn’t happen
baron de montesquieu
govt. should be structured in 3 branches →king, judicial, parliament → each group has power to check the power of another = checks & balances = seperation of powers
why? divide the govt. so no one branch gets too much power
ex. America: executive, Congress, and judicial
3 syllablles = 3 fingers →3 branches → upside down = M
james madison
govt. should be structured in 3 branches & 3 levels → executive (president, judicial, legislative (Congress) → each group has power to check power of another = checks & balances = separation of powers
why? divide govt. so no one branch or level gets too much power
[locke & Jefferson also had this idea]
3 syllablles = 3 fingers →3 branches & 3 levels → upside down = M
ceasara beccaria
criminals & those accused had rights
torture & capital punishment (death penalty) should be abolished
those charged w/ crime had right to speedy trial
mary wollstonecraft
believe all ppl should have equality regardless of gender
women needs rights
women need access to education → better themselves & society
women should be allowed to participate in politics
w = women
simon bolivar
saw ppl rise up against govts. w/ enlightenment ideas & led revolutions in Latin america
list revolutions that rose out of the enlightenment
american
french
haiti
Latin america
glorious revolution
The Glorious Revolution happened in 1689 in England and was when James II was overthrown and William and Mary became the new rulers. They signed the English Bill of Rights, which limited the monarchy’s power and gave more power to the Parliament.
american revolution
The American Revolution in 1776-1783 in America was inspired by Enlightenment ideas and the colonists wanting to separate from British rule and the Declaration of Independence was written to do that. In the document, it stated that people had rights that people couldn’t take away and they were life, liberty & the pursuit to happiness. An effect of this was the Indian & French war and America, with help from the French, beat the British and created a new independent nation.
french revolution
The French Revolution in France happened because they were in a bad financial situation and so the government called a meeting with the Estates-General, which were the clergy, nobility, and the commoners. Even though commoners made up the majority, they barely would have made a difference in voting so they broke away and formed a new government, the National Assembly. There were riots, peasants rising up against nobles, etc. so the king had to accept them. In the revolution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was created that stated human rights and limited monarchy.
haitian revolution
The Haitian Revolution in the 18th century started when enslaved Africans started rebelling by killing their masters and burning their houses down. Maroons, who were people who had already escaped slavery, joined in. In 1701, Toussaint L’Ouverture joined the revololts which he turned into a rebellion against slavery and he established a government which later became Haiti and they became independent from France. When he died, Jean-Jacques Dessalines orgaized a Haitian declaration of permanent independence and made Hiati the first Latin American country to win independence and be the first black-led country from a slave rebellion.
new Zealand wars
The New Zealand Wars in 1840-1872 in New Zealand was between the Maori and the British. The British dominated the natives and when the tribes tried fighting the British, in the end, the British won against the Maori.
creole revolution
The Creole Revolutions were a series of revolutions in Latin America by the Creoles who were well educated and wanted to become independent since the governments did not protect their rights. Simon Bolivar, a creole, wanted independence from Spain and formed Gran Colombia. He wanted it to become a federation that was based on Enlightenment ideas and this was documentented in his Jamaica Letter in 1815. Because of the new independent countries in Latin America, slavery was legally ended but women couldn’t receive education and uneducated people and women were not allowed to vote.
italian unification
Italian unification was the unifying of the entire Italian peninsula in one political state. Count di Cavour believed in natural rights,, progress, and the contitutional monarchy (king that follows the constitution). He started wars to kill people he thought were not italian enough with Garibaldi’s Red Shirts military force.
german unification
German unification in Germany involved revolutions as a result of nationalism and liberalism. Otto von Bismarck, Prussian leader, led three wars in 1864-1870 to unify Germans. His armies beat the French and a year after that, he founded the new German Empire.
