HDE 100B - Ch 9 - Peers, Romantic Relationships, & Lifestyles

peers

Exploring Peer Relations & Friendship

Individ’s who are about the same age or maturity level

friends

Exploring Peer Relations & Friendship

A subset of peers who engage in mutual companionship, support, & intimacy

social isolation

Exploring Peer Relations & Friendship

Peer Relations & Developmental Changes

Good peer relations might be necessary for normal social dev in adolescence…

• Blank is linked w/ many diff forms of problems & disorders - delinquency, problem drinking, depression, academic difficulties

fairness, justice, disagreements, skilled, sensitive, intimate r-ships

Exploring Peer Relations & Friendship

Positive & Negative Peer Relations

Positive influences include…

• Explore principles of blank & blank by working through blank w/ peers 

• Learn to be blank & blank partners in blank by forging close friendships

drug use, delinquency, depression, sexual activity, self injury, heavy drinking

Exploring Peer Relations & Friendship

Positive & Negative Peer Relations

Negative influences include…

• Peer r-ships linked w/ adols’ blank (5)

• College stdts w/ risky social networks 10x more likely engage in blank

how they are seen by peers

Peer Relations

For adolescents, what is the most important aspect of their lives?

American culture

Peer Relations

Same-age peer interaction serves a role in what culture?

little authority

Peer Relations

Peer Relations: Family-Peer Linkages

Research revealed both parents & adol’s view peer relations as arena in which parents have what kind of authority to dictate adols’ choices?

true

Peer Relations

Peer Relations: Family-Peer Linkages

True or false? The worlds of parents & peers are connected. Explain

time

Peer Relations

Peer Relations & Developmental Changes: Central to Development

Blank spent w/ peers = important influence on dev changes

it increases

Peer Relations

Peer Relations & Developmental Changes: Central to Development

During middle and late childhood/adolescence, what is the relationship between time and peer interaction?

sociometric status

Peer Statuses

Refers to the extent to which children & adolescents are liked o disliked by their peer group

popular

Peer Statuses

There are 5 types of peer statuses. This one is frequently nominated as best friend & are rarely disliked by peers

average

Peer Statuses

There are 5 types of peer statuses. This one receives average # of both positive & negative nominations from their peers

neglected

Peer Statuses

There are 5 types of peer statuses. This one is infrequently nominated as best friend but not disliked by peers

rejected

Peer Statuses

There are 5 types of peer statuses. This one is infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend & actively disliked by peers

controversial

Peer Statuses

There are 5 types of peer statuses. This one is frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend & as being disliked

reinforcements, listen, communication, emotions, confident

Peer Statuses

Popular

Research shows that popular children…

• Give out blank

• Blank carefully 

• Maintain open lines of blank w/ peers 

• Are happy 

• Control their negative blank

• Show enthusiasm & concern for others 

• Are self-blank w/o being conceited

boys, impulsive, attention, reactive

Peer Statuses

Rejected

Which gender, classified as aggressive & rejected, often has problems in social relationships? This is because they are…

• (1) More blank & have problems sustaining blank 

• (2) More emotionally blank 

• (3) Have fewer social skills in making friends & maintaining positive r-ships w/ peers

social info processing

Social Cognition & Emotion in Peer Relations

What kind processing influences peer relations?

decoding, interpretation, response, optimal, enactment

Social Cognition & Emotion in Peer Relations

According to Kenneth Dodge, adols go through 5 steps in processing info abt social world…

• (1) Blank of social cues 

• (2) Blank

• (3) Blank search 

• (4) Selection of an blank response 

• (5) Blank 

emotion

Social Cognition & Emotion in Peer Relations

Blank also plays a role in peer relations

• Ability to regulate it is linked w/ successful peer relations

conglomerate strategies, appropriate, reasoning, reinforcement

Social Cognition & Emotion in Peer Relations

Strategies for Improving Social Skills

Involve the use of a combo of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adols’ social skills; AKA coaching

• Might consist of…

  • Demonstration of modeling of blank social skills 

  • Discussion & blank abt social skills

  • Use of blank for enactment of appropriate social skills in social situations

actively disliked & rejected, self control

Social Cognition & Emotion in Peer Relations

Strategies for Improving Social Skills

Despite positive outcomes of some programs, researchers found it difficult to improve social skills of those who are what?

• Many of these adols rejected cuz they’re aggressive, impulsive, & lack blank

friends

Friendship

A subset of peers who engage in mutual companionship, support, & intimacy

companionship

Friendship

A quality of friendship: Smone who is willing to spend time w/ them

stimulation

Friendship

A quality of friendship: Provides interesting information, excitement, & amusement

physical support

Friendship

A quality of friendship: Provides resources & assistance

ego support

Friendship

A quality of friendship: Provides the expectation of support, encouragement, & feedback

social comparison

Friendship

A quality of friendship: Provides info abt where adol’s stand & whether they are doing OK

intimacy/affection

Friendship

A quality of friendship: Provides warmth, trust, closeness & self-disclosure

prosocial, lower, distressed

Friendship

6th graders who didn’t have a friend engaged in less blank behavior, had blank grades, were more emotionally blank than their counterparts w/ 1+ friends

being popular with their peers, smaller # of friendships

Friendship

Friendship in Adolescence

For most children, what is a strong motivator? For adolescents, teens typically prefer to have what?

well being, friends, intimacy

Friendship

Friendship in Adolescence

According to Harry Stack Sullivan

• Whether o not basic social needs fulfilled largely determines our emotional blank 

• During adol, blank become increasingly important in meeting social needs 

• Need for blank intensifies during early adol, motivating teens to seek out close friends

cognitive, social

Friendship

Friendship in Adolescence

According to William Hart, children & adolescents use friends as what two types of resources?

self disclosing convos

Friendship

Developmental Changes in Conversations

What kinds of conversations increase with friends in adolescence, and decrease with parents?

similar

Friendship

Intimacy & Similarity in Friendship

Another predominant characteristic of friendship is that in general friends are what?

homophily

Friendship

Intimacy & Similarity in Friendship

The tendency to associate w/ similar others

girls

Friendship

Which gender reports other-sex friendships more than the other? They also show higher peer attachment, especially related to trust & communication

life transitions

Friendship

Loneliness

Loneliness is often interwoven with the passage through what?

members

Adolescent Groups

Groups in Childhood & Adolescence

During adol, groups tend to include a broader array of what?

• Rules and regulations probably well defined, & captains/leaders were formally elected or appointed in adol groups

cliques

Adolescent Groups

Small groups that range from ~2-12 individ’s & average ~5-6 individ’s'; members usually of same sex & similar age

• Can form cuz of similar interests, can also form from friendship

crowds

Adolescent Groups

A larger group structure than cliques; idol’s usually members of this based on reputation, & may/may not spend much time together

youth groups

Adolescent Groups

Adols who join what kinds of groups are more likely to participate in community acts in adulthood & have higher self-esteem?

• Also tend to be better educated & come from fams of higher SES

• Can help adols practice interpersonal & organizational skills

culture

Peer grps may play diff roles depending on blank

middle SES

Gender & Culture

SES Status & Ethnicity

What SES often assumes leadership roles in formal organizations?

ethnic group

Gender & Culture

SES Status & Ethnicity

Peers from own blank may provide a crucial sense of brotherhood or sisterhood within a majority culture

select & win a mate

Functions of Dating

Dating is a relatively recent phenomenon. Before the purpose of dating was to what? Dates were also usually carefully monitored & controlled by parents

early starters

Functions of Dating

Includes the 15-20% of 11-13 y/o who say they’re currently in a romantic r-ship, & 35% who indicate prior experiences

late bloomers

Functions of Dating

Comprises approx 10% of the 17-19 y/o who has no experience w/ romantic r-ships, & 15% who report haven’t engaged in any romantic r-ships that lasted more than 4 mo

entry into romantic attractions & affiliations

Functions of Dating

Types of Dating & Developmental Changes

This stage occurs around 11-13 y/o

• Triggered by puberty 

• Developing crush is common

exploring romantic relationships

Functions of Dating

Types of Dating & Developmental Changes

This stage occurs around 14-16 y/o

• Casual dating & dating in groups occur

romantic experience

Functions of Dating

Dating & Adjustment

The more blank 10th graders had, more they reported higher levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, & romantic competence

• BUT also had higher substance use, delinquency, & sexual behavior

romantic love

Functions of Dating

Love that has strong sexual infatuation components, which often predominates in the early part of a love r-ship; aka passionate love o eros

affectionate love

Functions of Dating

Love in which an individual desires to have another person near & has a deep, caring affection for that person; companionate love

secure attachment

Functions of Dating

Romantic Love & Its Construction

Adol w/ what kind of attachment are likely to approach romantic r-ships expecting closeness, warmth, & intimacy?

positive growth

Functions of Dating

Romantic Relationship Dissolution

What kind of growth is common following romantic breakups?

girls, boys

Functions of Dating

Dating & Romantic Relationships: Gender & Culture

Male & female adols bring diff motivations to dating exp 

• Blank - more likely to describe romance in terms of interpersonal qualities 

• Blank - describe romance in terms of physical attraction

dating scripts, proactive, reactive

Functions of Dating

Dating & Romantic Relationships: Gender & Culture

The cognitive models individ’s use to guide & evaluate dating interactions

• First dates highly scripted along gender lines - males = blank, females = blank

sociocultural context

Functions of Dating

Dating & Romantic Relationships: Gender & Culture

What kind of context exerts a powerful influence on adol dating patterns & mate selection?

• Values & religious beliefs often dictate…

  • Age at which dating begins 

  • How much freedom in dating is allowed 

  • Extent to which dates are chaperoned 

  • Respective roles of males & females in dating

restrictive

Functions of Dating

Dating & Romantic Relationships: Gender & Culture

In Arab world, Asian countries, & S. America, adults typically highly blank of adol girls’ romantic r-ships

collectivist, individualist

Functions of Dating

Dating & Romantic Relationships: Gender & Culture

Culture has strong influences on many aspects of human dev, including romantic r-ships

• Blank countries-  intimacy more diffused in love cuz of strong grp emphasis on connections outside of romantic love r-ships 

• Blank countries - intimacy often more intensified cuz individ’s social network more likely smaller & less grp oriented

single

Emerging Adult Lifestyles

There has been a dramatic rise in what kinds of adults?

cohabitation

Emerging Adult Lifestyles

Living together in a sexual r-ship w/o being married

30, 28

Emerging Adult Lifestyles

In 2019, the average age of first marriage climbed up to blank years for men and blank years for women (higher than at any point in history)

equality, flexible

Emerging Adult Lifestyles

Lesbian couples usually place higher priority on blank in r-ships and are (including gay couples) more blank in gender roles