AP Psychology Foundations, Research Methods, and Data Prep

Fill-in-the-blank review flashcards covering foundational theories, research methods, experimental designs, ethics, and statistics from Unit 0 of AP Psychology.

The philosophical view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation is known as __________.

empiricism

Psychology's formal establishment as an independent scientific discipline is dated to __________ when Wilhelm Wundt opened his psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

1879

John Locke proposed that the human mind at birth is a blank slate, or __________.

tabula rasa

Edward Titchener introduced the school of __________, which used introspection to analyze the basic elements of conscious experience.

structuralism

The early psychological school known as __________ was championed by William James to examine how mental and behavioral processes help organisms adapt and survive.

functionalism

__________ was a prominent memory researcher who became the first female president of the APA despite being denied her PhD by Harvard.

Mary Whiton Calkins

The scientific attitude combines curiosity, skepticism, and __________.

humility

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it is called __________ bias.

hindsight

A precise statement of how a variable is measured or manipulated in a psychological study is an __________.

operational definition

While random __________ selects participants from a target population to improve generalizability, random __________ places participants into experimental conditions by chance.

sampling; assignment

A correlation coefficient ($r$) measures the direction and strength of association between variables and ranges from __________ to __________.

$-1.00$ to $+1.00$

When an unmeasured factor influences both variables in a correlational study, it is known as the __________ problem.

third-variable

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated by the researcher is the __________ variable, while the measured outcome is the __________ variable.

independent; dependent

To reduce both participant and experimenter expectancy effects, researchers often employ a __________-blind procedure.

double

The consistency of a measure over time is its __________, whereas whether a study actually measures what it intends to measure is its __________.

reliability; validity

A study that compares different age groups at one specific point in time is a __________ design, while a study that follows the same individuals repeatedly over time is a __________ design.

cross-sectional; longitudinal

Ethical standards require that informed consent occur __________ participation and debriefing occur __________ participation.

before; after

Research proposals involving human participants must be reviewed and approved for safety and ethics by an __________.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

In a standard normal distribution, approximately __________ percent of all scores fall within two standard deviations ($\times \rho$ or $\rho \times$; $\rho = \text{mean}$, $\text{SD}$) specified as $\rho \neq \text{zero}$ ($\rho \rightarrow \text{mean}$, $\text{SD}$) or $\rho = 0$, spanning $\rho \times$ within $\rho \rightarrow 2$ or $\rho \rightarrow \text{mean}$; precisely, $\rho = 95$ or $\rho = \text{approximately } 95\text{\%}$ across $\rho \rightarrow \text{mean} \times \text{range}$, so within $\rho \rightarrow 2$ standard deviations ($\rho \rightarrow \rho$) or $\rho \rightarrow \text{SD}$ is __________ percent.

95%

In a distribution with a positive skew, the long tail extends toward the __________ side of the distribution, pulling the mean above the median.

right

In introductory psychology, a finding is conventionally considered statistically significant if the probability of obtaining the result by chance alone is less than __________.

$$p < .05$$