Immunology & Immunopathology Lecture 2 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

These 75 fill-in-the-blank flashcards review key concepts from the lecture on adaptive immunity, lymphocyte biology, antibodies, complement, cytokines, and cell-mediated immune mechanisms.

Adaptive immunity is considered the line of defense.

Second

Adaptive immune responses are compared to innate responses.

Delayed

Adaptive immunity is for specific microbes and antigens.

Specific

Cells that remember prior infections and mount stronger secondary responses are called cells.

Memory

The first phase of an adaptive response involves antigen by lymphocytes.

Recognition

Surface molecules used to categorize lymphocytes are called markers.

CD (cluster of differentiation)

Hematopoietic stem cells characteristically express the marker .

CD34

All leukocytes share the common marker .

CD45

Helper T cells typically express the surface marker .

CD4

Cytotoxic T cells are identified by the marker .

CD8

B lymphocytes commonly express CD19 and CD.

21

B lymphocytes mediate immunity.

Humoral

T lymphocytes are responsible for -mediated immunity.

Cell

The most prevalent T-cell receptor consists of an alpha and a chain.

Beta

αβ TCRs recognize antigen only when presented by molecules.

MHC

T-cell maturation occurs in the gland.

Thymus

CD4 T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC class .

II

CD8 T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC class .

I

The membrane-bound immunoglobulins functioning as the B-cell receptor are IgM and Ig.

D

Signal transduction for the BCR is carried out by the associated Igα and Ig____ chains.

β

The signaling proteins associated with the TCR complex are CD3 and the chains.

Zeta

Th1 cells activate macrophages primarily through secretion of .

IFN-γ

Cytotoxic T cells virus-infected cells.

Kill

T regulatory cells characteristically express the transcription factor .

FOXP3

Positive selection allows survival of T cells capable of binding self molecules.

MHC

Auto-reactive T cells are eliminated during selection.

Negative

Natural killer cell activating receptors are abbreviated as .

KARs

NK-cell inhibitory receptors recognize host class I molecules.

MHC

NK cells secrete to enhance macrophage microbicidal activity.

IFN-γ

The antibody-guided killing of targets by NK cells is termed .

ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

Degradation of intracellular proteins for MHC I presentation is performed by the .

Proteasome

Intracellular antigens are presented with MHC class , favoring Th1 differentiation.

I

Extracellular antigens are presented with MHC class , favoring Th2 differentiation.

II

Immunoglobulins are that mediate humoral immunity.

Glycoproteins

Differentiated B cells that secrete antibodies are called cells.

Plasma

The antigen-binding fragment of an antibody is known as the region.

Fab

Effector functions of antibodies are mediated by the region.

Fc

The flexible segment between Fab and Fc is the region.

Hinge

Antibodies with gamma heavy chains belong to the class.

IgG

Antibodies containing mu heavy chains are classified as .

IgM

Antibodies with epsilon heavy chains constitute the class.

IgE

Switching from IgM to another heavy-chain class is called isotype or heavy-chain .

Class switching

The principal antibody involved in mucosal immunity is .

IgA

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated mainly by antibodies.

IgE

The first antibody produced during a primary response is .

IgM

The dominant antibody in a secondary response is .

IgG

Monoclonal antibodies arise from a single of B cells.

Clone

The immortal cell line that produces monoclonal antibodies is a .

Hybridoma

The C3 convertase of the classical complement pathway is .

C4b2b

Spontaneous hydrolysis of complement component initiates the alternative pathway.

C3

Stabilization of the alternative pathway C3 convertase requires factor (properdin).

P

Formation of the membrane attack complex begins when inserts into the target membrane.

C5b

Complement fragments C5a, C3a, and C4a function as mediators.

Anaphylatoxins

A major pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages is .

TNF-α

The cytokine chiefly responsible for proliferation of activated T cells is .

IL-2

IL-4 drives B-cell isotype switching to produce antibodies.

IgE

IL-5 is essential for the activation of .

Eosinophils

Th1 cells secrete the signature cytokine .

IFN-γ

Th2 cells characteristically produce to stimulate B-cell antibody production.

IL-4

In the absence of a signal, antigen-stimulated T cells become anergic.

Co-stimulatory

The co-stimulatory ligand on antigen-presenting cells that binds CD28 is .

B7

CD8 T cells induce apoptosis by releasing perforin and .

Granzymes

Programmed cell death mediated by caspases is called .

Apoptosis

IgG-coated microbes are ingested by phagocytes bearing receptors.

Fc

IgG-mediated ADCC is carried out mainly by cells.

NK

Maternal IgG reaches the fetus by crossing the .

Placenta

The lag phase before antibodies appear in a primary response is about days.

10

The classical complement pathway is initiated when antigen binds IgG or .

IgM

Complement component is the principal opsonin that promotes phagocytosis.

C3b

Interferons α and β up-regulate expression of MHC class on host cells.

I

Cytokines that act on the same cell that secretes them exhibit action.

Autocrine

The cytokine GM-CSF stimulates in the bone marrow.

Hematopoiesis

Proteolytic enzymes that execute apoptosis are called .

Caspases

The pore-forming complex of the complement system is abbreviated .

MAC

Antibodies prevent toxins from binding to host cells in a process called .

Neutralization