Final Exam - Socrative

This scientist created glass magnifying lenses that were used in the first microscopes.

Leeuwenhoek

This scientist used raw meat to prove that flies were the source of maggots during decay. This scientist initially challenged Aristotle’s "spontaneous generation"

Redi

This scientist experimented with boiled beef and plant gravy in which he sealed the flasks after boiling but observed bacterial growth in the flasks (cloudiness).

Needham

This scientist completed an experiment where he boiled beef and plant broth, sealed the flasks carefully, and determined that bacteria only grew in the flasks if the seal was broken.

Spallanzani

This scientist is credited with the creation of the swan necked flask for experiments used to disprove spontaneous generation.

Pasteur

This scientist was influential in disease etiology.

Koch

This scientist encouraged hand washing amongst practitioners to decrease the spread of disease from patient to patient in hospital settings.

Semmelweis

This scientist introduced antisepsis into hospitals when carbolic acid or phenol was used on surgical wounds to decrease the chance of microbial growth and infection. He introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections.

Lister

This scientist tested the cowpox vaccine for protection against smallpox and was influential in the field of immunology.

Jenner

This scientist discovered Penicillin in 1929.

Fleming

Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis (living organisms can arise from nonliving matter) was proposed by _______________.

Aristotle

The following steps taken to prove the cause of an infectious disease were created by which scientist? 1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. 2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. 3. When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease. 4. The same agent must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host.

Koch

The two part naming system for organisms Species) is known as binomial _____________. In this system a species is named with a capitalized genus name and a lowercase specific epithet. Both names should also be italicized or underlined. Example: Staphylococcus aureus THIS EXAMPLE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SCIENTIFIC NAME!!!! MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND THIS!

Nomenclature

A tentative explanation for an observation that can be supported or refuted represents the definition of a _____________. This is generally written as an If... Then... statement.

Hypothesis

Organisms that cause disease are known as _____________.

Pathogens

Parasitic worms are also known as ________________.

Helminths

A domain

contains all of the other Taxa Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species)

What term is used to refer to the fact that the image formed is larger than the original specimen? We say that the specimen has been ___________________.

Magnified

As I look into the microscope, I notice that the image formed is difficult to see clearly. In scientific jargon, I would say "this microscope has poor _________________".

Resolution

Through different staining techniques it is possible to increase the ________________ on the slide making it easier to view details of the specimen.

Contrast

wavelength

As the ______ of light decreases, the resolution of the microscope increases.

This type of microscope has a series of lenses for magnification and is the one that we would utilize in our labs?

Compound Bright Field

What would the total magnification of a specimen be if a new objective was created for a compound light microscope consisting of an ocular lens and an objective lens with a magnification of 150x?

1500X

Which of the following microscopes would you use with pale specimens and find that the contrast is increased due to a dark background and a lightened specimen? This microscope is used on Live and Unstained specimens.

Dark-Field

Which of the following microscopes is the most widely used, results in the image of the specimen being darker than the surrounding field Bight Background), for live specimens, and / or for preserved stained specimens?

Bright Field

Which of the following microscopes would utilize antibodies with fluorescent dyes to increase contrast on the specimen when it releases energy in the form of light?

Fluorescent

Electron microscopes

have the ability to image a specimen with greater detail than a fluorescent microscope.

Crystal violet, Safranin, Methylene blue

the following dyes that would generally be used to determine the morphology of a cell or a group of cells. Simple Stains)

I am trying to determine the species found on a pure culture in lab. Which of the following stains would I use first to begin narrowing down what it could be?

Gram Stain

Choose all of the following stains that would be commonly used when distinguishing between different cells, chemicals, or structures.

Gram Stain, Acid Fast Stain, Endospore Stain, Histological Stain

Negative Stain

Which of the following types of stains would stain the background and can be used to reveal bacterial capsules.

What type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons to create a three-dimensional image of the surfaces of specimens.

Scanning Electron

Which of the following did we mention as a necessary first step before a specimen can be stained?

Smear it on a slide and heat fix it in a flame

Which of the following represents the correct form for binomial nomenclature?

Escherichia coli (Italicized)

In order to get the best resolution possible with a light microscope, you would want:

Short Wavelengths of Light

6 "I"s of culturing microbes

Inoculation, Isolation, Incubation, Inspection, Information Gathering, Identification

You inoculate a medium with both Gram + and Gram - organisms. After 48 hours you find that only the Gram - organisms grew on the medium. This type of media is likely ___________.

Selective

Which type of medium is able to distinguish different species or types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium?

Differential

Your lab partner tells you that they are viewing their Gram stain with a total magnification of 1,000x. Based on the fact that you know the ocular lens magnifies by 10x, what magnification is the objective lens that they are using to view their Gram stain?

100x

Based on the equation discussed in class, the factors that influence the Resolution or Resolving Power of a microscope include

Numerical Aperture & Wavelength of Light

Based on our equation for Resolving Power Limit of Resolution) which of the following would need to increase to obtain better resolution?

Numerical Aperture

Based on our equation for Resolving Power Limit of Resolution) which of the following would need to decrease to obtain better resolution?

Wavelength of Light

Which of the following cellular structures are involved in regulating what comes into and out of the cell? (Found in all living organisms)

Plasma Membrane

Bacterial cells

are prokaryotic and lack membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm.

Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

Ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

Ribosomes

_________________ are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

Pilli, Nucleoid Region

Choose all of the following that are unique to prokaryotic cells and not found in eukaryotic cells.

prokaryotes

lack membrane bound organelles (like a mitochondrion) and they also lack a nucleus

cytoplasm

Which of the following terms represents everything that could be found outside of the nuclear membrane and inside of the plasma membrane?

The cytoplasmic membranes that make up the cell and also surround the membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes are made up of which of the following?

phospholipid bilayers with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

_______________ transport requires ATP and moves solute across the concentration gradient. 55.

active

Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?

It is a passive process of substance across a membrane with on energy investment

In order for a bacterial cell with a cell wall to be plasmolyzed, the cell would have to be placed in an environment that has a/an ________________ concentration of solutes than the cell.

Higher

When a cell is placed into an environment that has a lower amount of solute than what is within the cell it is said to be placed in a _______________ solution.

Hypotonic

A red blood cell is placed into a hypotonic solution which of the following would happen?

The cell would burst/lyse

In order to ensure that red blood cells stay healthy which of the following solutions should you put into an IV when introduced to the blood stream.

Isotonic Solution

Peritrichous

________________ flagella are flagella that protrude in all directions from the bacterial cell.

tuft

a ________________ of polar flagellum means that the bacterium has a single flagellum that is extending from one end of the organism but the flagellum branches like a tree distal to the organism.

These structures are found in both bacteria and archaea and allow them to adhere to each other, surfaces, and produce biofilms.

Fimbriae

What is the name of the structure that is used by bacteria to transfer DNA from one organism to another?

Pili

Choose all of the following that would be found making up the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall?

NAG a (sugar), NAM a(sugar), Protein/amino acid cross bridges and connections

Choose all of the following that are true about or can be found describing a Gram + cell wall.

Thick Peptidoglycan, Teichoic Acid/Lipoteichoic Acid, Mycolic Acid\*, Stains Purple

mycolic acid isn’t found in all of this bacteria

Choose all of the following that are true about or can be found describing a Gram - cell wall.

Thin Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccharide, Stains Pink, Lipid A, Porin Proteins

All bacteria

do not have cell walls

Prokaryotic ribosomes

are different than eukaryotic ribosomes and can be targeted during antibiotic treatments.

Which of the following flagellar arrangements refers to a bacterium with flagella at both ends of the bacterial cell?

Amphitrichous

Which of the following flagellar arrangements refers to a bacterium with flagella in small bunches emerging from the same site on the cell?

Liphotrichous

Which of the following flagellar arrangements refers to a bacterium with a single flagellum emerging from one end?

Monotrichous

Choose all of the following that could be produced when cells divide in one plane only.

Diplococci, Streptococci

Choose all of the following that could be produced when cells divide in two perpendicular planes.

Tetrad, Sarcina

Choose all of the following that could be produced when cells divide in several different planes.

Staphylococci

Gram negative

organisms are thinner than Gram Positives & have an outer membrane.

Oxygen is essential for obligate _________________. These organisms utilize oxygen, can detoxify it, and cannot grow without oxygen.

Aerobes

Oxygen is deadly for obligate _______________. These organisms lack the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment.

Anaerobes

______________ _____________ are anaerobes that can tolerate oxygen because they have some enzymes for ROS Reactive Oxygen Species). These organisms do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence.

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

_________________ ________________ are aerobes, which can tolerate anaerobic conditions by using anaerobic respiration/fermentation. These organisms utilize oxygen but can also grow in its absence.

Facultative Anaerobes

_____________ are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures. Live optimally between 0 and 15 degrees Celsius)

Psychrophiles

______________ are microorganism that grows best at higher than normal temperatures. These organisms have optimal temperatures between 45 and 60 °C.

Thermophiles

______________ are organisms that thrive in acidic environments with a low pH. These grow at extreme acid pH.

Acidophiles

_______________ are organisms that thrive in basic/alkaline environments with a high pH. These organisms grow at extreme alkaline pH.

Alkalinophile

Obligate ____________ require high osmotic pressure (up to 30% salt). These like salty environments. These organisms grow optimally in solutions of 25% NaCl but require at least 9% NaCl ( such as in salt lakes or ponds…).

Halophiles

_________________ live under extreme pressure and their membranes and enzymes depend on pressure to maintain their three-dimensional, functional shape. These organisms can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure.

Barophiles

A symbiotic relationship where two organisms both benefit such as in the relationship between bacteria living in the human colon is referred to as _______________-.

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other organism is not benefited or harmed is known as ________________. An example of this is the mites living in human hair follicles.

Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited from the relationship is known as ________________. An example of this is when a fungus naturally secretes antibiotics harming the bacteria near by even though it is not benefited or harmed from secreting these antibiotics.

Amensalism

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed and one organism is benefited is known as _______________.

Parasitism

________________ are complex relationships between microorganisms that accumulate on a surface. An example of this is found when microbes use quantum sensing to create a film of microbes on your teeth.

Biofilms

____________ is the specimen that is being introduced to a medium.

Inoculum

The term ______________ refers to an area being free from bacteria or other microbes.

Sterile

________________ plating allows for the isolation of microbes from a mixed culture with an inoculating loop.

Streak

A ______________ medium is used to suppress / inhibit unwanted microbes, or encourage desired microbes. This can be chosen based on the organism you're tying to culture.

Selective

_________________ medium is used to distinguish colonies of specific microbes from others. It allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes in some way.

Differential

___________ cultures utilize candle jars and carbon dioxide incubators to insure that the oxygen level remains low within the culture.

Low-oxygen

This form of culture preservation can be used to store cultures for decades!

Lyophilization

The process by which bacteria can make identical copies of themselves is known as _____________ fission.

Binary

_______________ growth is sometimes referred to as exponential growth and happens during the log/exponential phase of microbial population growth. The microbes are growing exponentially during this phase.

Logarithmic

During this phase of microbial growth, the bacteria are acclimating with the growth conditions and are maturing but are not yet able to divide.

Lag phase

During this phase of microbial growth, bacteria are increasing in number in a logarithmic fashion.

Log Phase

During this phase of microbial growth the death of the organisms and the growth of the organisms equal out usually due to a lack of essential nutrients.

Stationary Phase

During this phase of microbial growth, the bacteria are dying at a greater rate than they are growing.

Death Phase