CLT 3378 FSU Exam 2

theriomorphic

having an animal form

therianthropic

being partly bestial and partly human in form.

Nile River

- The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.

- Heliopolis and Memphis are on the nile

Who are the chief diety(s) of Egyptian mythology

- Ra and Atum Ra

- Atum ra is ra at susnet and is the creator

- Ra is represented through the disc, the eye, the dung beetle and the boat

- He has bones of silver, the flesh of gold and hair of lapis lazuli

herioglyphics

writing used in egypt and was translated by the rosetta stone

What is the creation myth of Memphis?

- Ptah, the sacred god of memphis, and though to be the deification of the primordal mound

- Created by thinking and speaking

- Heart tongue and teeth were used in creating

- He also creates justice, labor, crafts, towns, districts, shrines, offerings, bodies, wood and other

materials, and growing things (all-purpose creator, cf. Marduk)

Thoth

- son of Ra

- Cultivates peace among the gods

- Head of an Ibis, can also be a Baboon

- the scribe god; Underworld

- God of the moon

Hathor

- Daughter/Mother/ wife of Ra

- Wife of Horus

- Mother of Pharaoh's

- Mother Goddess ; Fertility

- Cow goddess (associated with fertility)

- Can become sekhmet

Horus

- Son of Isis and Osiris

- Hawk God, Sky God

- Battles Set becomes king of the upperworld

- Sponsor/ Model of pharaohs

- symbol of kingship

Anubis

- Son of Nepthys (and Osiris?)

- God of Death/ the undertaker

- God of embalming and a judge

- Seen as a jackal

Helipolis creation myth

- In the beginning, there was Nun, a watery chaos

- Atum creates himself out of nun, then creates the next generation, Shu and Tefnut

- Shu and Tefnut have Geb and Nut

- Geb and Nut have Seth, Osiris, and Nephyths

- Seth is Married to Nephyths, Osiris to Isis are married

- Osiris and Isis are parents to Horus

What is the Ennead?

the 9 gods that are the decedents of Atum in the Heliopolis creation myth

Sekhmet beer myth

- Mankind is saved by a flood

- Re learns that humans are conspiring against him so he decides they must die.

- He has a council with his followers. He plans to send his Eye, which is Hathor. Hathor turns into

Sekhmet. Destruction takes place in the desert during the day. Sekhmet is bloodthirsty.

- Re wants to stop the destruction; he orders the priest of Heliopolis to mix 7,000 jugs of beer with red

dye; the finished concoction looks like blood. The beer is poured over the desert to be found by

Sekhmet at dawn.

- Sekhmet drinks the beer thinking it is blood, gets drunk and falls asleep, resulting in the deliverance of

mankind. This is why humans drink at the festival of Sekhmet.

- This story reflects the fact that the flooding of the Nile is beneficial because it deposits the rich black

soil.

Who are the 9 gods of the Ennead?

- Atum

- tefnut

- Shu

- Geb

- Nut

- Seth

- Nephyts

- Osiris

- Isis

- Horus

Who wrote Isis and Osiris

Plutarch

What happens in Isis and Osiris?

- Seth formulates a plan with 72 co-conspiritors to kill Osiris after he returned from civilizing the world

- They make a sarcophagus that just fits Osiris and throw a party

- They make everyone at the party try to fit in the sarcophagus, but Osiris is the only one that fits

- When he gets in it, Osiris and conspirators nail it shut and poor molten lead on it and send it up the nile

- The chest is taken to Byblos, where a heather tree grows around it

- King Malcander cuts down the tree with the Sarcophagus still inside

- Isis goes to find Osiris

- Annubis is exposed but Isis takes him in as a son and becomes the guardian of the gods

- Goes to Byblos and is not recognized, and is asked to become the nurse for Queen Asarte's baby and she agrees

- Isis has the baby suck her finger and burns away its mortality at night in the fire

- During this time Isis also flys around as swallow

- Queen Asarte discover her child in the fire and cries out

- Isis reveals herself and asks for the sarcophagus (cult at Byblos)

- Isis opens the coffin, mates with Osiris dead body and gives birth to Horus who she hides in a marsh.

- Seth finds out and sends a scorpion to kill Horus, but he survives

- Seth dismembers the sarcophagus into 14 pieces

- Isis finds 13 out of 14, but did not find his penis because it was eaten by a fish in the nile

- 13 tombs that are at the 13 spots where Osiris was found, 13 districts of Egypt

- Osiris is resurrected by Mumiffication and becomes king of the underworld

- Isis assists

- His burial and resurrection are associated with flooding of the nile which brings in fertility

What are the pyramid texts?

- Oldest surviving religious texts

- Magical incantations, mythological illusions

- coffin texts for lower status people

The book of the dead

- called the book of coming forth day

- handbook for the afterlife, important for combining ritual and myth

- Example is the papyrus of ani, which is 78 feet long and has hieroglyphics and illustrations

Egyptian Funerary practices

- Mummification by eviscerting (removing their organs) and embalming them, Natron was used as well

What were canopic jars used for?

the liver, lungs, stomach and intestines were placed in canopic jars containing natron to perserve them. Liver was in a man jar, lungs in a baboon jar, intestines in a falcon jar, stomach in a jackal jar.

Journey to the afterlife

- Dead person goes by boat, at night through the Du'at, the destination is the palace of Osiris.

- Osiris and 14 Judges; Anubis supervises the weighing of the heart against the feather of truth(Ma'at) Thoth records the result

-The heart is where all of the life information is recorded. If it balances with the feather, it means

the deceased has led a good life. If the heart is too heavy, the deceased is eaten by

Ammit(parts of different animals: crocodile, leopard, hippo), and simply ceases to exist.

Aaru

Egyptian reed fields, the heavenly paradise where Osiris ruled.

Only souls who weighed exactly the same as a feather of the

goddess Ma'at were allowed to start a long and perilous journey to

Aaru, where they would exist in pleasure for all eternity.

also known as fields offerings and the fields of peace

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Hindusim

- practiced by the Hindu people of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other countries in south east asia

- Believes in reincarnation

- Goal is to achieve Moksha, unity with Brahma and breaking the cycle of reincarnation

- One of the oldest continuously practiced religions

Trimutri

"Three forms" of the divine; the three gods Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver and maintainer, and Shiva the destroyer.

What are the 4 ages?

- Krita Yuga (4 age) - 1,728,000 years

- Trita Yuga ( 3 age) - 1,296,000 years

- Dvapara Yuga ( 2 age) - 864,000 years

- Kali Yuga (Evil age) - 432,000 years

Maha Yuga

- great age lasting 4,320,000 years and is 1 cycle of the 4 ages

- 1000 Maha yuga's is one day of Brahma

- 1000 Maha Yuga's is one night of Brahma

- Brahma lives for 100 years, and each is 365 days and nights of Brahma

Rig Veda

- Rig "praise or hymn"

- 1,018 hymns

- One of 4 series, author unknown

- Veda = "Divine Knowledge"

- 4 parts

- memorized by priests and apprentices

- written down much later

- Vedic texts show paradox, contradictions and mystery

Hindu rituals

- Sacrifice with fire at the very heart of the vedic religion

- Sacrifice is identical with divinity

- Agni, sanskirt word for fire. the preist the fire itself

- offerings: butter from milk, fat from butter, and honey

Soma

- drink, also a god

- produces immortality, can cure illness, and is potentially a psychotropic

Creation from Chaos in the Rig Veda

- There was neither non-existence nor existence (paradox; how can both be true?)

- In the beginning, there was Darkness, Desire, Wisdom - then "someone" (Lord ofCreation) puts seeds in place

-"Someone" breathed and arose through the power of heat and desire came

- Uncertainty where it all comes from

Golden Embryo in the Rig Veda

"Who is the god whom we should honor with the offering?" (The answer is Prajapati, the

Golden Embryo).

The Golden Embryo born in water and fire - egg cracks open with the sky above, the earth

below

Prajapati- Lord of Creation; equated with Daksha, the male principle of creation (also Brahma, the creator god)

Purusha rig veda

- Cosmic man used by the gods to create the world

- 1000 heads and 1000 feet, 1/4 used to create the universe

- Melted fat made into beasts, law, sacred poetry, meter (for poetry), rules for society, humans and animals

- Origin of Dhrama, meaning everything has its place in the world

Hindu Castes

Brahmin (Priest) - comes from Purusha's mouth

Warrior - from Purusha's arms

Common people - from Purusha's thighs

Servants - from Purusha's feet

Aditi

- Mutual creation with Daksha (she is both his mother and his daughter)

- Mother of the gods; sometimes referred to as "the cosmic cow"

- mother goddess

Who are the Adityas

the 8 or 12 sons of Aditi

one of them was Martanda, the sun god, who she rejected because it disappeared at night

After life in the vedas

Hinduism practices cremation (burning) as opposed to inhumation (burial)

There is a strong belief that the dead person will be reincarnated.

Demons want to attack the deceased; there is a period of three days in which the deceased

wanders (Three Days of Soma)

Whos in the afterlife

Yama

, King of the Dead, his wife and twin

Yami;

he was the first man to die.

Chitragupta

, the Scribe who records everything throughout one's life, administering

dharma

(the law that upholds the universe)

The fathers, the ancestors; the deceased person joins them.

Two brindled (a fur pattern) dogs with 4 eyes each (cf. Cerberus)

Whats in the underworld

Great, steep, narrow path

Pasture "under the tree with beautiful leaves"

"Six broad spaces and one great one"

Where do your body parts go

- eyes to the sun, limbs to plants, and breath to the winds

Indra

Son of Aditi (Infinity) and Tvashtr (craftsman god)

God of war, lightning and rain (storm god)

God of cattle: his dog is Sarama

Devas vs. Asuras. These are two groups of gods that oppose one another. Indra is the leader of

the Devas.

Vitra

Vritra is a great serpent or dragon. He had stopped the waters, producing drought.

- Indra drank Soma to prepare

The battle—Indra kills Vritra. His father Tvashtr supplied him with thunderbolts.

Release of the waters leads to return of agricultural fertility.

Sarama and the cows

The Panis (demons) have stolen the divine cows and Indra sends his dog,

Sarama

, to find them.

What are the hero characteristics of Indra

Unusual birth - his mother Aditi carries him for 1000 months, then he's born from her side

Threat at infancy - Tvashtr wanted to kill him (Indra kills Tvashtr by grabbing him by his foot

and crushing him)

6

Triumph over adversary - Vritra.

Marriage to a high-born local woman - wife Indrani, queen of heaven; many other love affairs

Divine helper - Vishnu, great friend of Indra

No alter ego, exile, journey, conquest of the underworld, or tomb with a cult

Who told the story of the Buddha

The Buddha-Karita

(Life of the Buddha), an epic poem written in Sanskrit by Asvaghosa, a poet

of India.

What are the characteristics of a world savior?

1. Son of a royal line - Prince Siddhartha Gautama is the son of King Suddhodana and Queen Maya

2. Miraculous birth - mother impregnated in a dream by a white elephant; born from her side

3. Recognized by a wise holy man - Asita

4. Childhood shows divine character - flowers spring up where he walks

5. Marries and begets an heir - marries Yasodhara and has a son, Rahula

6. Is awakened to his mission - he becomes aware of all the suffering and evils in the world

7. Departs in secret - leaves by night after the birth of his son

8. Discipline in the wilderness - asceticism for 6 years; sits under the Bodhi tree for 49 days

9. Supernatural adversary - resists Mara, the Evil One, and obtains paranirvana

10. Becomes a teacher, has disciples - 45 years of ministry

Tale of Tulisa

- Tulisa is the daughter of a poor woodcutter Nur-Singh

- She hears a voice and a well that asks her to marry the voice

- Her father gives permission because of the promise of great wealth

- Her father becomes wealthy and neighbors become jealous, so they make a story and he is put in prison and sentenced to death

- everyone in the village except nur-singh and the king die, so in return for wealth and freedom, Nur singh calls his son in law for help.

- Tulisa loved her husband but was never allowed to leave the palace and only saw her husband at night

- One day Saukisis desgised as an old woman comes and gives her a series of tests to see if her husband really loves her

- She confronts her husband and asks his name and as he says his name, Basnak Dau, he dissapears

- Family is thrown back into poverty

- Squirrles tell her she must cross a river of snakes, take an egg from Huma and lay it in her boosom until it is hatched, and she must serve in the palace of her mother in law

- She crosses the river of snakes in a bamboo raft

- Squirrles and bees guide her to the Huma's nest

- The queen gives Tulisa a crystal vase and told her to collect the scent of a thousand flowers, which bees helped with

- The next day she was given a pitcher of seeds and told to make an ornament out of them, which the squirrels help her do

- Huma hatched and pecked the eyes from the queen

- Husband returned and her parents got wealth

Confuscious

◦

He wrote about ethics, education, and the right way to live in The Analects

◦

Confucius lived around the same time as the Buddha in India and the great philosophers in

Ancient Greece (Socrates, Plato). Perhaps this is evidence of an age of philosophical thinking

during that time period as a whole

What are the groups of 5 in china?

Five sacred mountains (in addition to Mt. Kunlun, home of the gods)

Five compass points: North, South, East, West, and Center

Five Elements: Wood, Fire, Soil, Metal, and Water

Five Seasons: Spring, Summer, Center Season, Fall, and Winter

Yin and Yang creation

- in the beginning there was moisty wet murky darkness ( Taun Yaun)

-

Huai-Nan-Tzu: 2

nd

c. BCE: At first there was a misty, dark expanse; two gods were born from

this chaos and they wove the skies and designed the earth, and divided everything into Yin and

Yang. Hard and soft things were formed; humans and insects were formed from vapor.

Yang: Male, Bright, Light in Weight, Hot, Dry, Sky, Sun

Yin: Female, Dark, Heavy, Cold, Wet, Earth, Moon

"Questions of Heaven" (Ch'u Tz'u "Songs of Ch'u"): 4

th Cent BCE

◦

Yin and Yang mingled 3 times, formed a sphere with 9 gates, and thus the constellations were

formed. The sky is held up by poles, 8 pillars lean to the southeast, there are 9 skies and they

join with numerous corners and edges, heavens have 12 divisions (zodiac signs).

Kung-Kung

- A marplot figure, a water god who during battle bumped into a mountain and damaged the cosmos. Earth Sloped to SE and the Sky to the Northwest

P'an Ku

- 18,000 years of growing the cosmic egg

- P'an Ku inside

- When he is born, both her and the earth grow ten feet everyday for 18,000 years

- When he dies his body parts are used to create the earth

What parts of P'an Ku create the world

- Breath / winds and clouds

- Eyes / Sun and moon

- Flesh / Land

- Teeth and bones / metal and rock

- Voice / Thunder

- Blood / rivers

- Body hair / trees

- Mites / people

Myth of Nu Kua

- Head of a human, serpintine body

- Made aristocrats out of clay

- Made commoners out of a rope thrown in the dirt

- There was a flood that destroyed people so Nu Kua mated with her brother Fu shi

- She gave birth to a ball of flesh which the cut up to make humans

Fu Shi

- benefactor of man kind

- taught them hunting writing fire music and cooking

Yu the Great

Yu the Great (Da Yu) was a legendary ruler and cultural hero, (lived 2205-2198 BCE)

Said to have been born from the belly of his dead father Kun; Yu created an irrigation system to

control the floodwaters and saved the people.

Yu organized the lands by 9. This was the best number for fixing things in place.

He suffered from all of his labor and deteriorated while working for the people.

Izanami Izanagi

Gave birth to the many islands of Japan.