Unit 1 AP Human Geography

What are the 5 themes of Geography?

location, place, region, human environment interaction, and movement

What is location in terms of the 5 themes of geography?

Where a place is located

What is Absolute Location?

An exact location based on the longitude and latitude lines

What is Relative location?

Location of a place relative or based off of other places

Which of the 5 themes of Geography are Absolute and Relative location located under?

Location

What is the definition of place?

A specific point on earth distinguished by specific characteristics

What is a Physical feature?

Things like land type, soil composition, vegetation, and climate

What is a Human feature?

Things like cultural or religious values, belief systems, language, physical and social institutions, etc…

What theme of the 5 themes of geography are Physical and Human Features located under?

Place

What is the definition of a Region?

An area distinguished by one or more specific characteristics

What is the definition of Human Environment Interaction?

How humans interact based off of the environment and how human depend on the environment and either change or change the environment.

What is the definition of Movement?

The mobility of people, goods, and ideas across different regions and places.

What does movement do?

It connects different places, regions, and builds bonds, and also creates interdependency

What is Linear Distance?

How far across the Earth a person, product, idea, etc… travels

What is Time Distance?

The amount of time it takes for a person, product, idea, etc… to travel across Earth

What is Psychological Distance?

The way humans perceive distance

What theme of the 5 themes of geography are Psychological, TIme, and Linear Distance located under?

Movement

What are maps?

Important tools about thinking spatially about distribution around the world

What are the 2 purposes of maps?

Reference and Communication tools

What is a Reference tool?

Used to find the shortest route between two places & to avoid getting lost

What is a Communication tool?

Showing human activity or physical features

What is Cartography?

The science of map making

What is the purpose of a Reference Map?

To get us from point A to point B

What is the purpose of a thematic map?

To present the reader with a certain topic

What are the 4 properties all maps have?

Shape, Area, Distance, Direction

What is TODALSIGS an acronym for?

The things that are on a map such as Title, Orientation, Date, Author, Legend, Index, Grid, and Scale.

What is an Interrupted Map?

Parts are removed to try and limit distortion

What is a Uninterrupted Map?

Has a lot of distortion but not missing parts

What are the 4 types of distortion?

Shape, Distance, Relative Size, and Direction

What projection is this?

Winkel Projection

What are the advantages of the WInkel Projection?

Relative size of landmass is the same and projection minimizes distortion

What are the disadvantages of the Winkel Projection?

Areas towards the poles are more distorted and lines of longitude and latitude are curved making it harder for sailors to use.

What map projection is this?

The Robinson Projection

What are the disadvantages of the Robinson projection?

Distance, direction, shape & size slightly all distorted and distortion greatest towards poles

How can you identify the Robinson projection?

Visually looks like less distortion and the shapes of the continents are accurately depicted

What map projection is this?

The Mercator Projection

What are the advantages of the mercator projection?

Shape is distorted very little, relative size is distorted at poles

Who mainly uses the mercator projection?

Sailors, due to the fact that its longitude and latitude lines are not curved

How can you identify the Mercator projection?

The longitude and latitude lines are straight not curved and it is usually in a rectangular shape

What map projection is this?

The Goode Homolosine Projection

What are the advantages of the Goode Homolosine projection?

Maintains accurate land sizes

What are the disadvantages of the Goode Homolosine projection?

Separates E & W hemispheres with interruption, harder to read, and struggles with direction

What map projection is this?

Gall-Peters Projection

What are the advantages of the Gall-Peters Projection?

Does not distort relative size

What are the disadvantages of the Gall-Peters Projection?

Distorts shape

How can you identify the Gall-Peters Projection?

Africa is the largest continent on it

What is the international time zones rule?

Travel east = add 1 hour

Travel west = subtract 1 hour

What kind of map is this?

Topographic Map

What does a topographic map depict?

Displays contour lines on Earth’s surface, shows elevation changes in our environment, many printed in 3D

How can you identify a topographic map?

By looking for a lot of lines that represent elevation changes and contours, as well as labels for geographic features.

What map is this?

Choropleth Map

What does Choropleth maps usually depict?

Thematic map that uses colors to represent spatial data, uses data put onto a map, precise

How can you identify a Choropleth map?

A lot of color and a legend that explains what each color represents and it is precise

What map is this?

Isoline Map

How can you identify an Isoline map?

Information is connected through points of equal or similar values, shown through lines and/or color coding

• Usually looks like a weather map

What map is this?

Dot Density Map

How can you identify a Dot Density Map?

It has a lot of dots representing things that the legend with usually show

What does a Dot Density Map usually show?

Really really precise data

What map is this?

Graduated Symbol

What does the Graduated Symbol Map show?

the amount of something in a location, not as precise as dot density, can be misleading exactly where items are located with overlapping

How can you identify a Graduated Symbol Map?

It has multiple sized symbols on it that represent different quantities or values

• Larger symbols indicate higher values, while smaller symbols indicate lower values

What map is this?

Cartogram Map

How does the Cartogram Map show data?

Data is shown in a dynamic way, greatest value represented by the largest area, distortion is what the value is 

What map is this?

Flowline map

How does the Flow line Map show data?

Uses lines to show the movement of people, good, or ideas, key is important to understand what is moving and what is happening with the size of arrows, common for migration or economics

How can you identify a Flow Line Map?

Uses lines to depict data on the movement of people, goods, or ideas, with arrow size indicating the volume of movement

What is the use of qualitative data?

Surveys, interviews, observations, media

What is the purpose of qualitative data?

To understand culture, religion, gender, quality of life, etc…

What is the subjective in qualitative data?

Depends on who was interviewed/surveyed, when the information was gathered, gathering of opinions

What are the types of question asked for qualitative data?

Open ended questions

• Ex. “How do dairy farmers feel about government regulation?”

What is the use of Quantitative data?

Census data, geospatial technology, satellites, geographic information systems

What is the purpose of Quantitative data?

To definitely prove something

What does a Quantitative question usually look like?

Often trying to answer hypothesis, looking for numbers

• Ex. What is the religious breakdown of the United States?

Qualitative or Quantitative?

Quantitative

What does VGI stand for?

Voluntary Geographic Information

What is VGI?

It is when normal people voluntarily share geographical information which adds local knowledge of things

• Earthquake in Haiti, locals helped spread awareness about the disaster and connect with rescue efforts.

What does GIS stand for?

Geographic Information System

What is GIS?

a computer-based tool that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and displays data linked to specific locations on Earth's surface

Why would someone use GIS?

To figure out where you can build a building or analyze spatial relationships and patterns in data for decision making

What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

What is GPS?

It is a satellite based navigation system that helps get a person from point A to point B

What is the definition of Site?

Exact placement, physical characteristics of a place, can be modified

• the exact location of a city, you can find it on a map

What is the definition of Situation?

Where a city is in relation to its surrounding features, location of a place relative to other places

• a city relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural.

What does Scale mean?

The size of the map to the amount of area it represent on Earth

What does Scale of Analysis mean?

The level at which data is displayed on a map

What are the different Scales of Analysis?

Local, Regional, National, Global

What is large scale?

A map zoomed in to see more detail

What is Small Scale?

A map zoomed out to see less detail but more area

Why would someone look at the local scale?

To know where to build new schools and boundaries, where to put a stop sign, where to open more stores

Why would someone look at the regional scale?

To know where is funding needed, how are political decisions viewed, why some areas doing better than others (sales reports)

What scale of analysis would this be?

• Where should resource be allocated

• Where to put a military base

• Location of shipping routes

• Where to build a manufacturing plant

National Scale

What scale of analysis would this be?

• United Nations international decision making

• Expand into international markets

• Global sales patterns

Global Scale

What is the definition of a Formal Region?

When an area shares one or more distinctive characteristics in common

What is the definition of a Functional Region?

A region organized around a central point

What is the definition of a Vernacular Region?

A region that was named for the way people perceive it

What is Tobler’s first law of Geography?

Everything is related to everything, but near things are more related than distant things

Where distance itself hinders interaction between places. The farther two places are apart, the greater the hindrance

What was Tobler’s first law based on?

The concept of the friction of distance

What does Distance Decay mean?

The farther away something or someone is from another, the less likely the two are going to interact

• Increased Distance = Decreased Interaction

• Decreased Distance = Increased Interaction

The increasing sense of connectivity today reduces the impact of distance decay

What does Space-Time Compression mean?

Used to describe the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place

What is Tobler’s second law?

The phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside