chapter 2: human body in health and disease

anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of functions

anatomic position

standard; stand erect/orth/o, arms at side, palms front

orth/o

erect, upright

sagittal

lateral halves, vertical plane

midsagittal

perfect laterals, vertical plane

frontal/coronal

anterior and posterior, vertical plane

transverse

superior and inferior, horizontal plane

ventral/anterior

front

ventr

bellyside

posterior/dorsal

back

poster/dors

back

superior

towards head

inferior

lowermost

cephalic

towards head

caudal

lower part of body/tail

cau

tail

cephal

head

proximal

near start of structure/body → for limbs only

distal

far/further from body → for limbs only

medial

near midline of body

lateral

toward sides away from midline

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

ex: strokes

ipsil

same

cerebral vascular accident/CVA

strokes

right brain affects left body → contralateral

contra

opposite

dorsal

back cavity

cranial (skull) & spinal cavities

ventral

front & has thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic

thoracic cavity

ventral

has lungs (pleural), heart (pericardial), & mediastinum

diaphragm

respiratory muscle (my/o)

separates thoracic from abdominal: has digestive organs

pelvic cavity

reproductive & excretory (out) organs like bladder & rectum

inguinal

pertains to groin

peritoneal

pertains to space in abdomen w/ intestines, gastr/o, and liver

has membrane = parietal vs visceral serous peritoneum

serous membrane

lubricating 2 layer membrane

parietal

outer

visceral

touches organs

peritoneal, pericardium, pleura

3 Ps cavities that have serous membranes

cells

basic unit of tissues

cyt/o, -cyte

cells

adult stem

repair/replenish same tissues found in…

stratum basal in epidermis. don’t differentiate into others

basal

new

epidermis

outer skin layer

hemopoietic stem cells

via bone marrow

blood formation cells

if donate, need to tissue match or will reject (graft vs host)

differentiates into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

embryonic

undifferentiated cells in an embryo that can form ANY (pluripotent) cell/organ within the embryo

pluripotent

describes undifferentiated cells that form ANY cell/organ within the embryo

totipotent stem cells

have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the 3 primary germ cell layers of the early embryo…aka entire organism

endoderm

inner primary germ cell layer

ex: digestive organs

ectoderm

outer primary germ cell layer

ex: nervous system

mesoderm

mid primary germ cell layer

ex: muscle