Physical Geography - XMAS half term

Primary hazards

occurs during the events, it is a direct consequence of the event

Secondary hazards

occurs after the events, it is a indirect consequence of the event

Pyroclastic flows - primary hazards

dense, fast moving flows of hot gas and rocks that move rapidly downslope all speeds can go over 700km/hr

Lava flows - primary hazards

streams of molten rock flowing on the surface. High silica lava tends to be more viscous and solidifies nearer to source than basaltic lava, which generally flows over distance before solifdfying

Ash and Tephra - primary hazards

airborne particles of material that have been ejected from volcanic vents into the atmosphere then fall back to the surface

Lahars - secondary hazards

Type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water.

Acid rain - secondary hazards

forms through a process between reaction of water and other compounds like nitrogen and sulphur dioxide

What are the 4 hazard management concepts

prevent - can’t do it

mitigate - channels, bomb shelters, sea water cooling

adapt - move away

prepare - evacuation plans, predict and monitor

What are the ways volcanoes can be monitored?

thermal imaging, satellite tracking, GPS and tiltmeter