PT - exam 2 study guide ch9

Q: Why should a personal trainer conduct an initial consultation with new clients before starting a training program?

A: ✅ To gather health history, assess risk factors, establish goals, determine exercise readiness, and ensure client safety before beginning a program.

Q: What are the general steps during a client consultation and interview?

A: ✅ 1. Build rapport and gather personal information
2. Review health history and medical forms
3. Discuss goals and motivations
4. Conduct risk stratification and assessments
5. Explain policies, procedures, and expectations

Q: A _________ - ____________________________ is a valid contract once signed between two parties that includes: services, financial documentation, timeline of appointments, and policies surrounding cancellations, termination of contract, etc.

A: ✅ Legally binding agreement (or Service Agreement/Contract)

Q: A fitness professional is designing a program for an 11-year-old child with obesity. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate first step?
a. Require the parent to sign a liability waiver.
b. Begin high-intensity training immediately to maximize weight loss.
c. Skip health screening because of the child’s age.
d. Recommend a pre-participation physical exam to determine if physician clearance is needed.

A: ✅ d. Recommend a pre-participation physical exam to determine if physician clearance is needed.

Q: The ________ includes a self-recall of signs and symptoms. It is cost-effective, easy to administer, and helps the personal trainer determine a potential client's safety for exercise.

A: ✅ PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire)

Q: What is the difference between a positive risk factor and a negative risk factor?

A: ✅ A positive risk factor increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), while a negative risk factor (like high HDL cholesterol) reduces that risk.

Q: Which of the following is a negative risk factor for CVD?
a. Age >45 for males, >55 for females
b. BMI <25
c. High HDL
d. Resting blood glucose <100

A: ✅ c. High HDL

Q: How many positive risk factors does Ralph have as a physically inactive 36-year-old male tool and die engineer? His father survived a heart attack at age 70.

• BP: 136/86 mmHg

• Total cholesterol: 250 mg/dl

• HDL: 45 mg/dl

• BMI: 30

• Quit smoking 7 months ago

A: ✅ Ralph has 4 positive risk factors
(Physical inactivity, elevated BP, high cholesterol, obesity, and recent smoking history)

Q: How many positive risk factors does Martha, a 56-year-old secretary, have? Her father died of a myocardial infarction at the age of 45.

• LDL-cholesterol: 125 mg/dl

• BMI: 25

• Active lifestyle (golf, tennis, walking)

• A: ✅ Martha has 1 positive risk factor
  (Age >55 for females)

Q: How many risk factors does Silas, a 40-year-old male whose father died at 54 due to heart failure, have?

• BP: 140/90

• Total serum cholesterol: 150 mg/dl

• Fasting glucose: 80 mg/dl

• Smoker for 20 years

A: ✅ Silas has 2 positive risk factors
(Smoking and elevated blood pressure)

Q: How many risk factors does Alex, a 20-year-old active male, have?

• BP: 145/85 mmHg (recorded twice)

• Grandfather died suddenly at 47

• Height: 6'1" (185.4 cm)

• Weight: 176 lbs (79.8 kg)

A: ✅ Alex has 1 positive risk factor
(Elevated blood pressure)

Risk Factor & Stratification Table (Key Concepts)

Variable	Criteria	+1 / -1
Age	Men ≥45, Women ≥55	+1
Family History	Heart event before 55 (men) or 65 (women)	+1
Cigarette Smoking	Current or quit within 6 months	+1
Physical Inactivity	Not exercising ≥30 min, 3x/week	+1
Obesity	BMI ≥30 or waist >40" (men) or >35" (women)	+1
Blood Pressure	≥130/85 mmHg	+1
Blood Lipids	Total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, LDL ≥130 mg/dL	+1
Blood Glucose	≥100 mg/dL fasting	+1
HDL Cholesterol	≥60 mg/dL	–1 (negative risk factor)

Q: Calculate Alex’s BMI: weight = 79.8 kg, height = 1.854 m.

A:
BMI = 79.8 ÷ (1.854²) = 79.8 ÷ 3.438 = 23.2 kg/m² (normal range)

Q: Ralph’s waist = 47 in, hip = 40 in. What’s his waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and what does it indicate?

A:
WHR = 47 ÷ 40 = 1.175
For men, >0.90 = high risk for cardiovascular disease.