Chapter 13 cirrus

The specialized cells responsible for producing insulin are in the

pancreas

which synthetic insulin is the longest acting?

insulin glargine

what is the major reason to use corticosteroids

reduce inflammation

which of the following is contraindicated for patients who have kidney dysfunction, liver problems, or heart failure due to the increased risk of lactic acidosis?

metformin

what reacts with insulin to created an increased fluid retention, heart failure, and hypoglycemia?

rosiglitazone

Which of the following is a medication classified as a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor?

sitagliptin

The principal adrenal steroid hormone is

cortisol

Which laboratory test helps determine the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding 2 to 3 months?

HbA1c

what is another name for hyperthyroidism?

thyrotoxicosis

The Medrol Dosepak is classified as which of the following?

corticosteroids

The feedback mechanism that controls the thyroid is referred to as the

hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Which of the following is the typical dosing schedule for metformin?

2-3 times daily with food or meals

A life-threatening medical emergency involving excessive thyroid hormone is

thyroid storm

Which structure of the endocrine system releases cortisol into the blood?

adrenal cortex

When a patient has had the thyroid surgically removed, due to cancer, for example, what is the drug of choice for chronic therapy?

levothyroxine

Hyperglycemia occurs when

blood glucose levels are consistently above 140-160 mg/dL

Which drug listed below has been shown to speed the healing of lower extremity diabetic ulcers?

becaplermin

Which of the following insulin classifications begins to work around 30 minutes and lasts up to 4 hours in most cases?

short-acting

What condition might a patient have if they are severely hypoglycemic and considered to be in a life-threatening state?

diabetic coma

What is a potential adverse effect of corticosteroids?

osteoporosis

Which of the following is only treatable with insulin?

type 1 diabetes

Which of the following drugs carries a risk of cardiotoxicity and hyperthyroidism in overdose?

levothyroxine

Secondary diabetes is caused by

medications

Where are the adrenal glands located in the human body?

on top of the kidneys

Addison's disease is a(n)

deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Which medication mimics a hormone coproduced with insulin that decreases glucagon production, slows gastric emptying, and produces satiety?

pramlintide

Patients on propylthiouracil therapy must monitor which of the following organ functions, per the boxed warning?

liver

Appropriate uses of thyroid replacement drugs, such as Synthroid, include

treatment of hypothyroidism

Liothyronine is available in a tablet and which of the following dosage forms?

injection

Patients with _____ should not take cinnamon due to the potential of exacerbating their condition?

liver disease

Which brand-name insulin is available as an inhalation dosage form?

Afrezza

With of the following is a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor that speeds the healing of lower-extremity diabetic ulcers?

becaplermin

Metformin increases _____ sensitivity in muscle and other body tissues.

insulin

Which of the following is a sulfonylurea?

glimepiride

Medications with the suffix -gliflozin are classified as

sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitors (reducing blood glucose levels in patients with type- 2 diabetes)

The Medrol Dosepak contains twenty-one 4 mg tablets. Which of the following is true of the drug therapy?

the dose decreases each day

Which of the following may enhance the hypoglycemic effects of insulin?

beta-blockers

Approximately one-third of patients who had gestational diabetes may develop _____ in 5 to 10 years.

type 2 diabetes

The hypothalamus produces _____, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

corticotropin-releasing factor

Which of the following is slowly released throughout the day and night to allow energy for basic cellular function?

basal insulin

Drugs that end with the suffix -glinide are used to treat which of the following conditions?

diabetes

Which of the following drug classes interact with diabetes medications and cause serious hypoglycemia?

quinolones antibiotics

Which of the following types of insulin may be administered intravenously?

regular insulin

Which of the following medications has a boxed warning?

exenatide

Steroid production follows which schedule?

circadian rythum

Which of the following drugs can be used alone or in combination with other agents and works by inhibiting excess hepatic glucose production overnight?

metformin

Which of the following is part of a corticosteroid that is involved in regulating electrolyte and water balance?

mineralocorticoid

A physician may write the words "dispense as written" on a prescription for thyroid hormone medications because

the therapeutic window is very narrow, with the potential for only slight variances in bioavailability or dosing parameters to have noticeable clinical changes.

Which of the following is a contraindication for dexamethasone?

cerebral malaria

Which of the following endocrine glands plays a leading role in the hormonal regulation of metabolism?

pituitary

Congenital hypothyroidism may arise in children and is often caused by _____ during pregnancy?

deficiency in iodine

Which of the following types of diabetes is often controlled with diet and exercise?

type II

Which of the following is not a common cause of hyperthyroidism?

radioactive iodine-131 overdosage