NYS CNA Exam Practice

OBRA

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act; federal law that sets standards for nursing assistants.

Resident Rights

The rights every resident has, including privacy, dignity, respect, and informed choice.

Confidentiality

Keeping resident information private.

HIPAA

Law that protects patient privacy.

Abuse

Intentional harm to a resident.

Neglect

Failure to provide necessary care.

Negligence

Carelessness that causes harm.

Physical Abuse

Hitting, pushing, or causing bodily harm.

Verbal Abuse

Yelling, threatening, or insulting a resident.

Sexual Abuse

Any unwanted sexual contact.

Financial Abuse

Stealing or misusing a resident's money or belongings.

Informed Consent

Permission given after understanding a procedure.

Advance Directive

Instructions about future medical care.

Living Will

Document stating a person's wishes for medical treatment.

Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare

Person chosen to make healthcare decisions if the resident cannot.

Standard Precautions

Infection control practices used with every resident.

Hand Hygiene

The most important way to prevent the spread of infection.

When to Wash Hands

Before and after resident care, after removing gloves, after using the restroom, before eating, and whenever hands are soiled.

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment.

Gloves

Wear when touching blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, or broken skin.

Gown

Wear when clothing may become soiled.

Mask

Protects the nose and mouth from droplets.

Chain of Infection

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

How to Break the Chain of Infection

Handwashing, PPE, cleaning equipment, and proper disposal of waste.

Medical Asepsis

Clean technique used to reduce germs.

Sterile Technique

Technique used to keep an area completely free of microorganisms.

Normal Oral Temperature

97.6°F to 99.6°F.

Normal Pulse

60 to 100 beats per minute.

Normal Respirations

12 to 20 breaths per minute.

Normal Blood Pressure

Around 120/80 mmHg.

Pulse

The force of blood against artery walls.

Respiration

One inhale and one exhale.

Blood Pressure

The force of blood against artery walls.

Pain

The fifth vital sign.

Pulse Oximeter

Measures oxygen saturation.

Normal Oxygen Saturation

95% to 100%.

Body Mechanics

Using the body safely to prevent injury.

Base of Support

Keep feet shoulder-width apart for balance.

Lift With Your Legs

Use leg muscles, not your back.

Transfer Belt

Used to safely assist residents when walking or transferring.

Fall Prevention

Keep bed low, wheels locked, call light within reach, and remove clutter.

Pressure Injury

Damage to skin from prolonged pressure.

Prevent Pressure Injuries

Turn every 2 hours, keep skin clean and dry, and encourage movement.

ROM Exercises

Range of motion exercises to keep joints flexible.

Active ROM

Resident moves the joint independently.

Passive ROM

Caregiver moves the joint for the resident.

Ambulation

Walking.

Bedpan

Used when a resident cannot get out of bed.

Urinal

Used by male residents for urination.

Catheter

A tube that drains urine from the bladder.

Incontinence

Loss of bladder or bowel control.

Intake

Fluids taken into the body.

Output

Fluids leaving the body.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid.

Dehydration

Not having enough body fluids.

Signs of Dehydration

Dry mouth, dark urine, confusion, dizziness, and decreased urine output.

Aspiration

Food or liquid entering the airway.

Prevent Aspiration

Sit resident upright during meals and for at least 30 minutes afterward.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Mechanical Soft Diet

Foods that are soft and easy to chew.

Pureed Diet

Foods blended until smooth.

NPO

Nothing by mouth.

ADLs

Activities of Daily Living.

ADLs Include

Bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, transferring, continence, and grooming.

Bathing Purpose

Cleans skin, improves comfort, and promotes circulation.

Perineal Care

Cleaning the genital area.

Oral Care

Cleaning the mouth, teeth, and gums.

Dentures

Handle carefully to prevent breaking.

Back Rub

Improves comfort and circulation.

Occupational Therapy

Helps residents perform daily activities.

Physical Therapy

Helps improve strength, mobility, and balance.

Speech Therapy

Helps with communication and swallowing.

Orientation

Awareness of person, place, and time.

Confusion

Difficulty thinking clearly.

Dementia

Progressive loss of memory and thinking abilities.

Alzheimer's Disease

Most common type of dementia.

Validation Therapy

Accepting the resident's feelings instead of correcting them.

Reality Orientation

Using clocks, calendars, and conversation to remind residents of time and place.

Depression

Common but not normal with aging.

Communication Tips

Speak clearly, listen carefully, and maintain eye contact.

Open-Ended Questions

Questions that require more than yes or no answers.

Nonverbal Communication

Communication without words, such as facial expressions and gestures.

Objective Observation

Facts that can be seen or measured.

Subjective Observation

Information reported by the resident.

Report Immediately

Chest pain, trouble breathing, falls, fever, bleeding, sudden confusion, or changes in condition.

Restraints

Devices used to limit movement; only used with proper authorization.

Postmortem Care

Care given after death.

RACE

Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish/Evacuate.

PASS

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep.

Code Blue

Medical emergency requiring immediate response.

Pulse Sites

Radial, carotid, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis.

Normal Urine

Clear, pale yellow, and without strong odor.

Normal Stool

Brown, soft, and formed.

Resident Independence

Encourage residents to do as much as they safely can.

Documentation

Must be accurate, objective, and completed promptly.

Scope of Practice

CNAs provide care but do not diagnose or administer medications.

Who CNAs Report To

The supervising nurse.

Bathing

Removes dirt, prevents odor, improves circulation, and promotes comfort.

Complete Bed Bath

Given when the resident cannot get out of bed.

Partial Bath

Washes only the face, hands, underarms, and perineal area.