Ch.1 Cell Injury, Adaptation, and Maladaption

Pathophysiology is the study of

the body's response to dysfunction or disease

*Disease has been defined as an

interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure.

Etiology

cause of disease

Define risk factor

anything that increases the likelihood of injury, disease, or other health problems

define pathogenesis

how a disease develops

etiologic factors (4)

biologic, physical forces, chemical agents, and nutrional excess or defient

ex of biosocial agents

bacteria, viruses, bacteria,

example of physical force

trauma

example of chemical agents

ETOH, and lead

example of Nutrional excess or deficit

increase CA,K, or decrease Na, K, or iron

two types of cellular adaption and if there good or bad

physiologic (change positively affecting body) or pathogenic (change leading to disease)

atrophy

cells revert to smaller size

example of atrophy

paralysis causing shrinkage of skeletal muscles

hypertrophy

increase in individual cell size

example of hypertrophy

strength training

pathologic hypertrophy example

hypertrophic left ventricle of the heart due to hypertension: increased pressure that heart has to pump against to push blood out to body, NO increased angiogenesis

define hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

physiologic hyperplasia examples

hormonal stimulation: estrogen stimulates growth of breast cells in pregnancy

example of maladaptive hyperplasia

keloid formation

Define metaplasia

replacement of one cell type with another

metaplasia is likely a result of the cell's___________ __________ in response to a change in environmental conditions

genetic reprogramming

example of metaplasia

GERD

why is metaplasia bad

body becomes confused and could cause cancer

Dysplasia

deranged cellular growth

dysplasia often results of

chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition

example of dysplasia

*cervical dysplasia detected by Papanicolaou (Pap) test

benign neoplasia

- resemble normal cells but lack ____________

- well ____________cells

- does not ______

- well ____ borders

- ends with ____

- normal cell function

- differentiated

- does not metastize

- defined

- omas

malignant neoplasia

- cells appear ______than healthy cells/ lack cells normal function

- *Poorly differentiated-- _________________ (very fast)

*Increased likelihood to _________(lack adhesiveness to other cells)

*Poorly defined ______

*May have _____ or _____in classification

- different

- divides uncontrobally

- metastasis

- boarders

- carcin or sarc

causes for cell injury

*Physical agents

*Chemical injury

*Infectious agents

*Injurious immunological reactions

*Nutritional imbalances

*Hypoxic cell injury

*Free radical injury (oxidative stress)

hypoxia is the most ____ cell injury

common

hypoxia is due to (3)

*ischemia (diminished circulation), problems with RBCs (anemia), pulmonary issues

what does hypoxia cause cells to do

*Causes cells to enter anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid levels increase

what is a free radical

Free electron on an oxygen atom

the free electron in a free radical is attracted to ______ and damages them

cell membrances

what destroy free radicals

antioxidants like vitamin A, C, E, and beta keratin

endotheial cells secrete

VEGF, nitric oxide, and endothelin

endothelial injury may lead to

inflammation and atherosclerosis

what causes endothelial cell injury

*Hypertension

*Free radicals

*Hyperglycemia

*Hyperlipidemia

how does hypertension causes endothelial cell injury

sheers lining

how does free radical causes endothelial cell injury

attaches to endotheial

how does hyperglycemia causes endothelial cell injury

attaches to the wall

how does hyperlipidemia causes endothelial cell injury

increase cholesterol attaches to wall

two types of cell degeneration

necrosis and apoptosis

necrosis initiates ______ reaction

inflammatory

apoptosis is

programmed cell death

apoptosis does not affect_____ or cause _____

surrounding tissue or cause inflammation

Examples of apoptosis

skin shedding, RBC and WBC, and menopause

infarction is ____ _____

ischemic necrosis

example of ischemic necrosis

MI

when does gangrene happen

*Death of tissue from severe ischemia, infarction, and necrosis

gas gangrene

*Clostridium perfringens—emits a gas as tissue is destroyed

dry gangrene

decrease blood flow

hypoxia and concept:

>6 minutes, brain cell damage

micro-calcifications and concept:

Mammogram

Possible indication of cancer

protein starvation

Reduced blood albumin levels

Edema

Hypertension and concept

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Displacement of PMI to left

PBC break down and concept:

Increased bilirubin

Jaundice