Med Vet Ento E3

tick subclass

acari

idiosoma

tick body

nidocolous

nest/burrow, behavior coordinated to host activity, drop off when host is inactive

non-nidocolous

questing, climb vegetation and sense with haller's organs, drop off when host is active

transstadial

passage of organism from one stage to another

transovarial

passage from parent to offspring

lyme disease agent

borrelia burgdorferi

lyme disease symptoms

erythema migrans, cardiac involvement, arthritis

tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis vector

ornithodoros hermsi

tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis agent

borrelia hermsii

TBRF tick activity

nidocolous

TBRF symptoms

TBRF chill phase

fever up to 106.7, delirium, agitation, tachycardia, tachypnea

TBRF flush phase

drenching sweats, rapid decrease in body temp, possible transient hypotension

antigenic variation

DNA rearrangement that periodically alters the molecules on spirochetes' outer surface

TBRF diagnosis

microscopy/blood smears for spirochetemia

TBRF treatment

doxycycline

jarisch-herxheimer reaction

intense but short-term fever, chills, headache, and myalgia from the sudden elimination of the bacteria in the blood

rocky mountain spotted fever agent

rickettsia rickettsii

RMSF symptoms

nonspecific early symptoms, blotchy or spotted rash after a week,

RMSF diagnosis

serology, PCR, IHC, and culture

RMSF treatment

doxycycline

human granulocytic anaplasmosis agent

anaplasma phagocytophilum

HGA target

neutrophils

HGA vector

black-legged tick, blood transfusion (rarely)

HGA signs and symptoms

1-2 wks, symptoms start. early, fever, chills, severe headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite. late, anaplasmosis

anaplasmosis

respiratory failure, bleeding problems, organ failure, death

HGA diagnosis

initially from signs and symptoms. later, by lab testing (PCR, serology, blood smear)

HGA persistent antibodies

antibodies tend to remain in high quantities for months after the disease has resolved

HGA treatment

doxycycline

human ehrlichiosis agent

ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. ewingii

human ehrlichiosis vector

lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (ocassionally spread by blood transfusion)

HE target

macrophages and monocytes, cell wall intracellular

HE early illness

1-2 weeks post-bite, mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, rash (typically in children)

HE late illness

damage to brain/nervous system, respiratory failure, uncontrolled bleeding, organ failure, death

HE risk factors

delayed antibiotic treatment, very young/old, immunocompromised

HE treatment

doxycycline, tetracycline

tularemia agent

francisella tularensis

TUL target

macrophages

TUL transmission

dog tick (dermacentor variabilis) deer tick (dermacentor andersoni) and lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum)

handling infected animals

inhaling aerosols, ingesting contaminated water

ulceroglandular tularemia

most common--from tick/deer fly bites

skin ulcer at site of bacterial entrance

glandular tularemia

from tick/deer bites

similar to ulceroglandular, just no ulcers

oculoglandular tularemia

occurs when the bacteria enters the eye

oropharyngeal tularemia

contaminated food/water

sore throat, mouth ulcers, tonsillitis, and swelling of lymph glands in the neck

pneumonic tularemia

most severe, via inhalation of dust or aerosols, or if other forms go unaddressed

cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing

typhoidal tularemia

no localization of symptoms like other forms

TUL treatment

10-21 days of streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin

human babesiosis agent

babesia microti

HB target

RBCs

HB vector

Ixodes scapularis ticks

HB transmission

tick bite, blood transfusion (uncommon,) congenitally (rare)

HB treatment

7-10 days with atovaquone and azithromycin or

clindamycin and quinine (standard for severe)

rickettsialpox agent

rickettsia akari

RPX vector

house mouse mite: liponyssoides sanguineus

dust mites

dermatophagoides

dust allergies cause

dermatophagoides feces

RPX signs and symptoms

site of bite has papular eruption, 1wk fever follows

2-3wks initial lesion scabs and scars over

fever, sweating, headache, and myalgia

1st-4th day of fever, non-pruritic maculopapular eruption

RPX treatment

doxycycline

scrub typhus agent

orientia tsutsugamushi

SCT vector

leptotrombidium delicense

SCT reservoirs

wild rats and mites

SCT signs and symptoms

high fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sweating, vomiting

eschar sometimes, but not always

SCT treatment

doxycycline or azithromycin in pregnant women/babies or southeast asia residents

tsutsugamushi triangle

Asia-Pacific region, including islands of the pacific ocean where ~1bil are at risk at any moment

scabies mite

human itch mite, sarcoptes scabiei

SCA symptoms

intense itching (pruritis) and a pimple-like (papular) skin rash

kinetoplast

DNA-containing granule inside large mitochondrion near base of flagella

chagas disease agent

trypanosoma cruzi

chagas disease vector

kissing bugs (triatoma sanguisuga)

CHG acute phase

asymptomatic weeks to months after infection

CHG chronic indeterminate

prolonged asymptomatic, few to no parasites in blood

CHG chronic symptomatic

heart rhythm abnormalities, dilated heart, dilated esophagus/colon

CHG reservoirs

dogs

paratransgenesis

genetic manipulation of a host's symbiotic microorganisms for disease eradication or pest control

LSH vector

sandflies (p. phlebotomus and p. lutzomyia)

LSH agent

leishmania parasites

LSH target

macrophages

cutaneous leishmaniasis

can be asymptomatic, develops sores that start as papules and may become ulcers

visceral leishmaniasis

affects internal organs (spleen, liver, and bone marrow) months to years after initial bite

LSH treatment

pentavalent antimonial therapy, amphotericin b

sleeping sickness

human african typanosomiasis

HAT vector

tsetse (glossina) fly

HAT agent

trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodiense

HAT signs and symptoms

1. parasite in peripheral circulation

2. parasite crosses blood-brain barrier and invades central nervous system

t.b. rhodesiense

[east] rapid progression w/ sore at site of the bite, acute

fever, headache, muscle and joint aches, enlarged lymph nodes 1-2wks post-bite

death w/in months

t.b. gambiense

[west] slower progression, chronic

initially mild, w/ intermittent fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and malaise

kills w/in 3 yrs, and untreated cases dont usually go past 6-7yrs