TEAS 7-Biology

Monomers

small molecular building blocks of polymers

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat

Hydrolysis

a chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its covalent bond; key component in digestion

The creation of macromolecules is what kind of reaction?

Endothermic reaction called dehydration

The breakdown of macromolecules is what kind of reaction?

Exothermic reaction called hydrolysis

4 Types of Macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Macromolecules are also known as

biopolymers

Simplest unit of a carbohydrate

monosaccharide

At the molecular level, carbohydrates contain

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Glucose

A very common carbohydrate monomer that exists as a hexose (meaning it has 6 carbons in it).

Carbohydrate monomers tend to end in

-ose

Carbohydrate functions in living systems

1. storage

2. structure

3. communication/recognition

Plants use carbohydrates in the form of

cellulose

chitin

carbohydrate used by fungi to add structure to their cell wall and by insects/anthropods in their exoskeleton

Glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it, used by the human body for cellular recognition. Oligosaccharide with amino acids attached that attaches to a cell's lipid membrane in cellular recognition; antibody, immunoglobulin

Carbohydrate stored in the liver

glycogen

Smallest unit of a lipid

fatty acid

On a molecular level, lipids contain a lot of

hydrogen and carbon

Lipids do not mix with water, meaning they are

hydrophobic

Lipids have 2 important functions

1. Storing energy

2. Providing structure

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue in the body that stores fat.

Phospholipids

Used by cells, particularly in cell membranes, to provide structure

This lipid bilayer has a hydrophilic phosphate group that points towards the aqueous environment:

phospholipid bilayer

Simplest unit of a protein

amino acid

All proteins contain

C, H, O and N (Nitrogen)

amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)

Functions of proteins in the body

1. Provide structure

2. Provide immunity

3. Provide transport

4. Increase reaction rate (enzymes).

Amino acids are joined by what bond?

Peptide

Hydrophobic proteins have a function of providing ________ & are found where?

structure; keratin (hair and nails), and collagen (skin)

What is the function of membrane proteins?

-transport substances across the plasma membrane as protein channels and carrier proteins

-structure

-body wide communication (immunity)

Hydrophilic proteins in the body are known as

Globular proteins

Examples of globular (hydrophilic proteins)

1. Enzymes

2. Antibodies

3. Hemoglobin

Enzyme

Protein that increases reaction rate in the body

Fibrous, hydrophobic protein that is the main structural tissue in the body

Collagen

Protein with hydrophobic ends that transport material in and out of the cell that is used in cellular communication

Membrane protein

Simplest unit of nucleic acids

nucleotide

Every monomer of nucleic acid contain 3 things:

1. sugar

2. phosphate group

3. nitrogen containing base

2 Types of nucleic acids:

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

DNA contains the sugar ____________, while RNA contains the sugar ___________.

deoxyribose; ribose

What is the function of messenger RNA?

Carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes- translates the DNA's instructions to make proteins

RNA carries information from the nucleus to the _______ where proteins are made

ribosome

______ in DNA and RNA can lead to error in proteins.

Mutations

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere containing DNA + Protein.

Gene

Group of DNA base pairs that encode a protein

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid that has a double helix structure, deoxyribose sugar backbone, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases

Purines

Bases with a double-ring structure.

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

cytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA)

What is the bond between nitrogenous bases?

hydrogen bonds

Allele

Different types or versions of a gene

Gene

Section of DNA that encodes a protein

Genotype versus phenotype

Genotype

Genetic makeup a person inherits

Phenotype

Characteristic or trait the person eventually has

Observed physically

Which organelle makes a ribosome?

Nucleolus

What makes the mitotic spindle?

microtubules

Which macromolecule will always contain a nitrogen

Protein (NH2)

Which nitrogenous base does uracil replace in DNA?

thymine

Which type of bond connects monomers in carbohydrates and lipids?

Covalent (carbohydrates)

How are carbohydrates stored in the liver?

as glycogen

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

Lysosome

Muscle cells contain a lot of which organelle?

Mitochondrion

A cell that secretes chemicals contain higher levels of what organelle?

Golgi Apparatus

Adenine pairs with ______ in DNA, and with ______ in RNA

Thymine; uracil

Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

How many amino acids exist?

20

Process of creating mRNA from DNa

transcription

Process of encoding proteins

Translation

Independent Assortment

the random distribution of genes into gametes during meiosis

Monohybrid Cross

A cross between organisms examining one pair of traits. Expected ratio if Dominant/Recessive= 3:1

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of genes which follow predictive ratios of dominant/recessive alleles.

3:1 Monohybrid

9:3:3:1 Dihybrid

Combination Inheritance

Different alleles expressed at the same time (AB)

Incomplete Dominance

Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another, in which the heterozygous organism expresses a third trait

Polygenic Inheritance

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule (endothermic)- how macromolecules form

Carbohydrates that store energy

Glycogen (humans) Amylopectin and Amylose (plants)

Carbohydrates used in cellular communication

Glycoprotein (immunity) & Glycolipids (cell membrane)

How are hydrophobic proteins used in the body?

Provide structure; keratin & collagen

Which nucleic acid regulates protein expression?

RNA

Which type of reaction describes the breakdown of macromolecules?

Hydrolysis

The 2 major classes of proteins are

Hormones and Enzymes

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

When lipids are broken down, they release

Energy

Polypeptides

a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

Which type of bond between the complementary bases of DNA stabilizes the double helix structure?

Hydrogen bond

RNA is unstable under ____ conditions.

alkaline

The sugar found in DNA is more _________ than that of RNA's.

reduced

What characteristic of an element determines its specific isotope?

Neutron

3 Primary types of chemical bonds:

1. Covalent

2. Ionic

3. Polar

What does the pH scale measure?

the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on?