Chapter 9: Complex Cognitive Process

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure fro solving a problem that guarantees a correct solution if followed correctly

Characteristics

Distinctive features or qualities of a concept, strategy, or approch that define its nature.

Comprehension Monitoring

The process of assessing one’s own understanding and learning progress while reading or studying.

Computational Thinking

A method of problem solving that involves logical reasoning, pattern recognition, and algorithmic thinking.

Concept Mapping

A visual representation that organizes and displays relationships between concepts.

Concepts

Mental representations or categories used to group similar objects, ideas, or experiences.

Conceptual Hierarchies

Organizational structures that arrange concepts in levels of importance or generality.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.

Conspiracy Theory

An explanation for an event that involves secret or deceptive actions by powerful individuals or groups.

Creativity

The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.

Critical Thinking

The process of analyzing, evaluating, and forming reasoned judgements based on evidence.

Deliberate Practice

Purposeful and structured practice aimed at improving specific skills or knowledge.

Dispositions

Enduring attitudes, values, or tendencies that influence behavior and learning.

Distributed Practice

A learning strategy that involves spacing study sessions over time rather than cramming.

Drawing Analogies

A reasoning method that involves comparing similarities between two different things to understand a concept

Elaborative Questioning

A technique that involves asking deep, meaningful questions to enhance understanding.

Exemplars

Highly typical examples used to represent a category or concept.

Expert

An individual with extensive knowledge and skills in a particular domain.

Fake News

False or misleading information presented as legitimate news.

General Transfer

The application of knowledge or skills learned in one context to a broad range of different situations.

Guided Notes

Teacher-prepared handouts that provide an outlined for students to complete during instruction.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify problem-solving but do not guarantee correct solutions.

High-Quality Examples

Well-chosen illustrations or representations that effectively convey the key aspects for reaching of a concept.

Ill-Defined Problems

Problems that lack a clear goal, have multiple possible solutions, and no definite strategy for reaching a solution.

Illusory Truth

The tendency to believe false information as true after repeated exposure.

Interspersed Practice

A study method that involves mixing different topics or problem types within a single session.

Lateral Reading

A fact-checking strategy where individuals cross-check information across multiple sources rather than relying on a single site.

Means-Ends Analysis

A problem-solving strategy that involves breaking a problem into a smaller steps to reduce the gap between the current state and the desired goal.

Metacogniton

Awareness and control of one’s own thinking and learning processes.

Post-Truth

A cultural condition where objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.

Problem

A situation in which there is a goal but no immediately obvious way to reach it.

Problem-Based Learning

A teaching method where students learn through engaging with complex, real-world problems.

Specific Transfer

The application of learned knowledge or skills to a new but closely related situation

Strategies

Techniques or approaches used to enhance learning, problem-solving, or performance.

Study Strategies

Methods employed to improve comprehension, retention, and application of knowledge.

Summarizing

Condensing a larger body of information into a shorter, meaningful version that captures the main points.

Text Signals

Structural elements in a text, such as headings or bolded words, that guide comprehension.

Transfer

The ability to apply knowledge or skills from one context to another.

Well-Defined Problems

Problems with clear goals, one correct solution, and a specific strategy for solving them.

Worked Examples

Step-by-step demonstrations of how to solve a problem, used as a learning tool.