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European Enlightenment
An eighteenth-century intellectual movement that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs, emphasizing open-mindedness and inquiry.
Enlightenment Philosophy
A shared belief in the power of knowledge to transform society, advocating progress and opposing established political and religious authority.
Deism
A belief in a natural religion devoid of mystery and spiritual practices, asserting that God could be proven through human rationality and scientific inquiry; God created the world and did not intervene further
Empiricism
A theory emphasizing experience and evidence from the senses in the formation of ideas, laying the groundwork for modern scientific methods.
Social Contract Theory
A political philosophy allowing for an agreement between the ruled and their rulers, defining their rights and duties.
Divine Right Theory
A political doctrine asserting that kings' authority comes from God, leaving them unaccountable to earthly authority.
Political & Gender Hierarchy
A system where political power is concentrated in men, with women largely excluded from political participation.
Maternal Feminism
A movement advocating women's societal value based on their role as mothers, arguing for their right to intervene in civil life.
Slavery
A system treating individuals as property, denying basic rights and justified through economic, racial, and social ideologies.
Serfdom
A system binding peasants to land and landlords, limiting freedoms and social mobility in exchange for protection.
Nationalism
The focus of citizens' loyalty on their nation, facilitating the desire for political independence.
Political unification
The consolidation of political entities into a single state driven by shared identities.
Abolition movement
A movement aimed at ending slavery.
Secularism
The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions.
Liberalism (19th century)
A political ideology focused on individual liberties, equal rights, and limited government.
Reform movement
Campaigns aimed at creating social or political change to enhance freedoms and equal rights.
Natural rights
The inherent rights to life, liberty, and property as proposed by John Locke.
Political rights
The rights of individuals to participate in governance, often restricted for women and people of color.
Abolitionism
The movement targeting the end of slavery and advocating for equal rights.
Women’s suffrage
The movement advocating for women's right to vote.
Democratic ideals nation-state
A political entity characterized by a government deriving authority from the people's will.
Napoleon Bonaparte
The French general and head of state responsible for spreading revolutionary ideals across Europe.
Robespierre
Leader during the French Revolution’s Terror, known for the mass execution of perceived enemies.
Tupac Amaru
Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A leading figure in the early women’s rights movement in the United States
Mary Wollstonecraft
British writer advocating for women's rights through her work 'Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
Olympe de Gouges
French playwright who asserted women's rights through her 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman & Female Citizen'.
Lucretia Mott
American social reformer who played a key role in the women’s rights movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lola Rodriguez de Tio
Puerto Rican poet and activist advocating for independence and women's rights.
Simon Bolivar
Key figure in the Latin American independence movements.
Toussaint Louverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French control.
John Locke
Philosopher known for ideas of natural rights and government through consent.
King George III
British king during the loss of the American colonies.
Thomas Jefferson
American revolutionary leader and author of the Declaration of Independence.
King Louis XVI
French king executed during the Revolution.
Diffusion of Enlightenment Thought/Ideas
Spread of Enlightenment ideas that influenced Atlantic revolutions through newspapers, books, and pamphlets
American Revolution
1775 rebellion against British rule establishing republican government.
French Revolution
Massive upheaval that overthrew the monarchy and ended privileges of nobility.
Haitian Revolution
Successful slave rebellion in Saint Domingue leading to Haitian independence.
Great Jamaica Revolt
Slave rebellion influenced by the Haitian Revolution, swaying public opinion towards abolition.
Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion
Peasant rebellion in Mexico led by priests in 1810.
Latin American Revolutions
Series of risings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808–1825) that established the independence of new states from European rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social change by the lower classes
Seneca Falls Conference (1848)
First women’s rights convention advocating for gender equality.
Maori Nationalism
Movement in New Zealand to promote and protect Maori rights and culture.
Propaganda Movement (Philippines)
Campaign advocating for reforms under Spanish rule.
Balkan nationalisms
Movements for independence from Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule.
Ottomanism
Ideology promoting loyalty to the Ottoman state over the sultan.
Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen
Charter proclaiming equal rights for all male citizens.
Declaration of Independence
Document declaring the American colonies' separation from British rule.
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Early feminist work by Mary Wollstonecraft.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman & Female Citizen
Statement asserting equal rights for women drafted by Olympe de Gouges.
Letter from Jamaica
Simón Bolívar's vision for Latin America's independence and unity.
