Ch. 7 Vocab

European Enlightenment

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs, emphasizing open-mindedness and inquiry.

Enlightenment Philosophy

A shared belief in the power of knowledge to transform society, advocating progress and opposing established political and religious authority.

Deism

A belief in a natural religion devoid of mystery and spiritual practices, asserting that God could be proven through human rationality and scientific inquiry; God created the world and did not intervene further

Empiricism

A theory emphasizing experience and evidence from the senses in the formation of ideas, laying the groundwork for modern scientific methods.

Social Contract Theory

A political philosophy allowing for an agreement between the ruled and their rulers, defining their rights and duties.

Divine Right Theory

A political doctrine asserting that kings' authority comes from God, leaving them unaccountable to earthly authority.

Political & Gender Hierarchy

A system where political power is concentrated in men, with women largely excluded from political participation.

Maternal Feminism

A movement advocating women's societal value based on their role as mothers, arguing for their right to intervene in civil life.

Slavery

A system treating individuals as property, denying basic rights and justified through economic, racial, and social ideologies.

Serfdom

A system binding peasants to land and landlords, limiting freedoms and social mobility in exchange for protection.

Nationalism

The focus of citizens' loyalty on their nation, facilitating the desire for political independence.

Political unification

The consolidation of political entities into a single state driven by shared identities.

Abolition movement

A movement aimed at ending slavery.

Secularism

The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions.

Liberalism (19th century)

A political ideology focused on individual liberties, equal rights, and limited government.

Reform movement

Campaigns aimed at creating social or political change to enhance freedoms and equal rights.

Natural rights

The inherent rights to life, liberty, and property as proposed by John Locke.

Political rights

The rights of individuals to participate in governance, often restricted for women and people of color.

Abolitionism

The movement targeting the end of slavery and advocating for equal rights.

Women’s suffrage

The movement advocating for women's right to vote.

Democratic ideals nation-state

A political entity characterized by a government deriving authority from the people's will.

Napoleon Bonaparte

The French general and head of state responsible for spreading revolutionary ideals across Europe.

Robespierre

Leader during the French Revolution’s Terror, known for the mass execution of perceived enemies.

Tupac Amaru

Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A leading figure in the early women’s rights movement in the United States

Mary Wollstonecraft

British writer advocating for women's rights through her work 'Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Olympe de Gouges

French playwright who asserted women's rights through her 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman & Female Citizen'.

Lucretia Mott

American social reformer who played a key role in the women’s rights movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican poet and activist advocating for independence and women's rights.

Simon Bolivar

Key figure in the Latin American independence movements.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French control.

John Locke

Philosopher known for ideas of natural rights and government through consent.

King George III

British king during the loss of the American colonies.

Thomas Jefferson

American revolutionary leader and author of the Declaration of Independence.

King Louis XVI

French king executed during the Revolution.

Diffusion of Enlightenment Thought/Ideas

Spread of Enlightenment ideas that influenced Atlantic revolutions through newspapers, books, and pamphlets

American Revolution

1775 rebellion against British rule establishing republican government.

French Revolution

Massive upheaval that overthrew the monarchy and ended privileges of nobility.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave rebellion in Saint Domingue leading to Haitian independence.

Great Jamaica Revolt

Slave rebellion influenced by the Haitian Revolution, swaying public opinion towards abolition.

Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

Peasant rebellion in Mexico led by priests in 1810.

Latin American Revolutions

Series of risings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808–1825) that established the independence of new states from European rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social change by the lower classes

Seneca Falls Conference (1848)

First women’s rights convention advocating for gender equality.

Maori Nationalism

Movement in New Zealand to promote and protect Maori rights and culture.

Propaganda Movement (Philippines)

Campaign advocating for reforms under Spanish rule.

Balkan nationalisms

Movements for independence from Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule.

Ottomanism

Ideology promoting loyalty to the Ottoman state over the sultan.

Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

Charter proclaiming equal rights for all male citizens.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring the American colonies' separation from British rule.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Early feminist work by Mary Wollstonecraft.

Declaration of the Rights of Woman & Female Citizen

Statement asserting equal rights for women drafted by Olympe de Gouges.

Letter from Jamaica

Simón Bolívar's vision for Latin America's independence and unity.