neuro ap

cerebral hemisphere

Cortex (gray matter

) •White matter •

Basal nuclei (islands of gray matter) •

Clusters of cell bodies

basal nuclei

control voluntary movements and establish postures

cerebral cortex

conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

Motor areas—control voluntary movement

•Sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation •

Association areas—integrate diverse information

motor area

Primary (somatic) motor cortex

• ii. Premotor cortex

• iii. Broca’s area

• iv. Frontal eye field

Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements

premotor cortex

l control earned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

broca

motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated

Somatosensory Association Cort

Integrates sensory input (e.g. temperature, pressure…) from primary somatosensory cortex

• Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

visual area

vReceives visual information from the retinReceives visual information from the retina

auditory area

Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds

Interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

gustaory cortex

Conscious perception of visceral sensations, e.g., upset stomach or full bladder

multimodal assoxiation area

Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take

laterlization of hemisphere

Left hemisphere

•Controls language, math, and logic •

Right hemisphere

•Insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills

diencephalon

Thalamus •Hypothalamus •Epithalamus

thalamus

relay station, gateway to the cortex

Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

hypothalamus-homeostasis

Hypothalamic disturbances lead to severe body wasting, obesity, sleep disturbances, dehydration, emotional imbalances

hypothalamic fx

Autonomic control center for many visceral functions: blood pressure, rate, and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, respiratory rate and depth, eye p

Center for emotional response: Involved in perception of pleasure, fear, and rage and in biological rhythms and drives

regulation of food intake, hunger

regulate water ansd thirst balance

sleep awake cycle

• Produces posterior pituitary hormones

I

epithalamus

Pineal gland — extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin

brain stem

Three regions •Midbrain •Pons •Medulla oblongata

control automatic behaviro for survival

midbrain

Substantia nigra — functionally linked to basal nuclei •

Red nucleus — relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways and part of reticular formation,motor corridnationpons

Plays an important role in reward, addiction, and movement

pons

Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord •

Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum

nuclei of reticular formation

maintain breahtiing rhthm

meudllar oblangata

Autonomic reflex centers

cardio

resp center

cereebellum

provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction

Cognitive Function of the Cerebellum

Recognizes and predicts sequences of events during complex movements

RAS

Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert

Motor function •

Helps control coarse limb movements •Reticular autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions •Vasomotor •Cardiac •Respiratory centers

meninges 3 layer

Dura mater •Arachnoid mater •Pia mater

csf

CSF) •Composition •Watery solution •Less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma •Constant volume

Gives buoyancy to the CNS organs •Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma •Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals

choroid plexus produce it