Radiation Protection In Medical Radiography: Chapter 9

2 only

Radiation exposure to the gonads (sperm & ova) may alter the genetic code in the DNA molecule and cause a mutation in future generations. A radiation induced mutation is always bad!

Why is radiation exposure to the gonads such a critical concern?

1. The person may become sterile
2. Mutations in offspring may result
3. Gonadal cancer may develop

D. Bone marrow

Irradiation of which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells?

A. Lungs
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Bone marrow

D. All of the above

Possible high radiation dose consequences that would result from exposure of the whole body two types of radiation other than xray include which of the following?

A. Blood disorders
B. Epilation
C. Intestinal disorders
D. All of the above

1, 2, & 4

Some examples of measurable late biologic damage are:

1. Cataracts
2. Leukemia
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Genetic mutations

B. A mutation can increase cell growth

How can radiation induce cancer in a person?

A. It can alter a cells function
B. A mutation can increase cell growth
C. It can cause cell death
D. Radiation destroys the immune system

B. Measurable radiation-induced biologic damage

Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations are examples of:

A. Diseases that are not caused by ionizing radiation
B. Measurable radiation-induced biologic damage
C. Diseases caused by nonionizing radiation
D. Radiation-induced biologic damage that cannot be measured

D. Extensive experiments with fruit flies and mice at high radiation doses

The only concrete evidence that ionizing radiation causes genetic effects comes from:

A. Human populations exposed to low radiation doses
B. Human populations exposed to moderate radiation doses
C. Human populations exposed to high radiation doses
D. Extensive experiments with fruit flies and mice at high radiation doses

D. Cancer and genetic defects

Which of the following are examples of stochastic effects?

A. Nausea and vomiting
B. Epilation and fatigue
C. Diarrhea and leukopenia
D. Cancer and genetic defects

3

The use of high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods of time can result in which of the following in patients?

1. Acute radiation syndrome
2. Repair of damaged chromosomes
3. Radiation-induced skin injuries

1, 2, & 3

On which of the following factors does somatic or genetic radiation-induced damage depend?

1. The amount of body area exposed
2. The quantity of ionizing radiation to which the subject is exposed
3. The specific parts of the body exposed

C. Exposure to the body tissues

The somatic effects of radiation refer to which of the following?

A. Exposure to the trunk
B. Exposure to the reproductive organs
C. Exposure to the body tissues
D. Exposure to the nervous system

D. 1, 2 & 3

The other possibility is that the cell will make a full recovery from any radiation damage. This is the most likely response

Which of the following are possible results from the exposure to radiation?

1. Changes in the DNA molecule
2. Sterilization of the cell
3. Death to the cell

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 & 3 only
D. 1, 2 & 3

B. Large dose over a short time period

A large dose over a short period of time will not allow the cells to recover from their injury, but the same dose spread over a longer time would allow recovery. This is known as fractionation.

Which of these situations will cause the greatest effect from radiation exposure?

A. Small dose over a long time period
B. Large dose over a short time period
C. Small dose over a short time period
D. Large dose over a long time period

A. Cells that survive an initial irradiation but produce a late effect

Stochastic effects of radiation can be defined by which of the following?

A. Cells that survive an initial irradiation but produce a late effect
B. Cells that require a threshold dose before an effect will occur
C. The greater the dose, the greater the biological effect
D. The risk of malignancy is negligible

1, 2, & 3

Gross structural changes that arise when radiation breaks a chromosome may be referred to as what?

1. Aberrations
2. Anomalies
3. Lesions

B. Leukemia

According to data from studies performed on U.S. Radiologic Technologists, individuals who began working before 1950 had a somewhat higher risk of dying from __________ when compared with technologists who started working in 1950 and later.

A. Darkroom disease
B. Leukemia
C. Pancreatic cancer
D. Thyroid cancer

C. Induction of cancer

Early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from:

A. Accelerated aging
B. Hemorrhage
C. Induction of cancer
D. Respiratory distress

B. Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred

During the 10 years immediately after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station accident, which of the following was the most pronounced health effect observed?

A. Dramatic increase in the incidence of childhood leukemia
B. Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred
C. Major increase in the number of solid tumors in the general population of the former Soviet Union

C. Gamma Rays

Revised atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggests that radiation-induced leukemias and solid tumors in the survivors may be attributed predominantly to exposure to which of the following types of radiation?

A. Alpha particles
B. Beta particles
C. Gamma Rays
D. Neutrons

A. Directly proportional to the dose

The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is:

A. Directly proportional to the dose
B. Inversely proportional to the dose
C. Insignificant in relation to dose
D. Not able to be plotted on a dose-response curve

A. Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation

Which of the following provide the foundation for the sigmoid or "S-shaped" (non-linear) threshold curve of radiation dose response?

A. Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation
B. Data from human populations observed after chronic low doses of radiation
C. Laboratory experiments on animals

A. Stochastic

Cancer and genetic defects are examples of __________ effects.

A. Stochastic
B. Nonstochastic
C. Birth
D. Deterministic

1, 2, & 3

Which of the following groups provide evidence for radiation carcinogenesis?

1. Radium watch dial painters (1920s and 1930s)
2. Early medical radiation workers (1896 to 1910)
3. Japanese atomic bomb survivors (1945)

A. Technologists who began working before 1940

Members of which of the following groups of radiologic technologists have the greatest risk of dying from breast cancer as a consequence of their occupation?

A. Technologists who began working before 1940
B. Technologists who began working after 1950
C. Women employed as technologists after 1960
D. Women employed as technologists after 2000

A. Animal studies of radiation-induced genetic effects

Which of the following led to the development of the doubling dose concept?

A. Animal studies of radiation-induced genetic effects
B. Human studies of radiation-induced genetic effects
C. Animal studies of radiation-induced somatic effects
D. Human studies of radiation-induced somatic effects

C. 400,000

After the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, approximately how many people worldwide received some exposure to fallout?

A. 100,000
B. 250,000
C. 400,000
D. 900,000

D. Thyroid cancer

After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, many children in Poland and some other countries were given potassium iodide in an attempt to prevent:

A. Breast cancer
B. Bone cancer
C. Leukemia
D. Thyroid cancer

A. Deterministic

When biologic effects from ionizing radiation demonstrate the existence of a threshold and the severity of that damage increases as a consequence of increased absorbed dose, the events are considered:

A. Deterministic
B. Probabilistic
C. Stochastic
D. Unimportant

A. Prenatal death

What would be the probable result of any major radiation exposure during the first few days of pregnancy?

A. Prenatal death
B. Postnatal death
C. A child with genetic deficiencies
D. A normal birth and infant

A & C

Stochastic effects of radiation can be defined by which of the following? (Multiple answers)

A. Cells that survive an initial irradiation but produce a late effect
B. Cells that require a threshold dose before an effect will occur
C. The greater the dose, the greater the biological effect
D. The risk of malignancy is negligible

B. But successful results have not been achieved in these studies

Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures:

A. And these studies have been very successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred
B. But successful results have not been achieved in these studies
C. But these studies have only been moderately successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred
D. But these studies have only been minimally successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred

D. 0.25; 25

Genetic mutations have been produced in experimental female animals when their ovaries were irradiated with doses as low as _____ Gy (_____ rad).

A. 0.10; 10
B. 0.15; 15
C. 0.20; 20
D. 0.25; 25

C. Induction of cancer

The early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from:

A. Accelerated aging
B. Hemorrhage
C. Induction of cancer
D. Respiratory distress

B. Less than 0.01 Sv

Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses:

A. Above 0.01 Sv, but less than 1.56 Sv
B. Less than 0.01 Sv
C. Above 1.56 Sv
D. Between 0.01 Sv and 1.56 Sv

A. Cancer in human populations exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation.

Epideiologic studies are of significant value to scientists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response estimates to predict the risk of:

A. Cancer in human populations exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation.
B. Cataract formation in humans exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation.
C. Radiodermatitis in radiologic technologists working in the field between 1970 and 1990.
D. Radiodermatitis in radiologic technologists working in the field from 1990 to the present time.

B. Doubling dose

Which of the following measures the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in causing mutations?

A. LD 50/30
B. Doubling dose
C. Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
D. Dose-response curve

B. Relative; Absolute

Recent studies of atomic bomb survivors tend to support the ________ risk model over the _______ risk model.

A. Absolute; relative
B. Relative; Absolute
C. Stochastic; nonstochastic
D. Nonshtochastic; stochastic

C. High-LET radiation at higher doses

The linear dose-response model is used to establish radiation protection standards because it accurately reflects the effects of:

A. Both high-linear energy transfer (LET) and low-Let types of radiation at higher doses
B. Both high-LET and low-LET types of radiation at lower doses.
C. High-LET radiation at higher doses
D. Low-Let radiation at lower doses

1 & 3

The number of excess cancers, or cancers that would not have occurred in a given population in question without exposure to ionizing radiation, may be predicted by which of the following?

1. Absolute risk model
2. Biologic risk model
3. Relative risk model

D. Recessive mutations

Most radiation-induced genetic mutations are:

A. Dominant mutations
B. Expressed in first-generation offspring
C. Spontaneous mutations unique to radiation
D. Recessive mutations

1, 2, & 3

Spontaneous mutations to human genetic material cause a widely variety of diseases including:

1. Down syndrome
2. Hemophilia
3. Sickle cell anemia

C. Altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA

Radiation can induce genetic damage by which of the following means?

A. Interacting with somatic cells of only one patient
B. Interacting with somatic cells of both parents
C. Altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA
D. None of the above; radiation cannot induce genetic damage

C. Patients treated for benign postpartum mastitis

Which of the following groups of individuals received radiation treatment that indicated radiation can cause breast cancer when healthy breast tissue was exposed to radiation?

A. Female patients treated for malignant breast disease
B. Male patients treated for malignant breast disease
C. Patients treated for benign postpartum mastitis
D. Radiologic technologists currently working in diagnostic imaging

A. All life forms seem to be most vulnerable to radiation exposure

During the embryonic stage of development:

A. All life forms seem to be most vulnerable to radiation exposure
B. Only a very small percentage of life forms seem to be vulnerable to radiation exposure
C. A significant percentage of life forms seem to be vulnerable to radiation exposure
D. Exposure to radiation cannot damage any life form

1, 2, & 3

Young women who painted watch dials with radium in some factories in New Jersey in the 1920's and 1930's eventually developed which of the following conditions as a consequence of their exposure to radiation?
1. Osteoporosis
2. Osteogenic Sarcoma
3. Carcinomas of the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses

B. Radon

Radium decays with a half-life of 1622 years to the radioactive element:

A. Uranium
B. Radon
C. Plutonium
D. Americium

A. Amino Acids

Mutant genes cannon properly govern the cell's normal chemical reactions or properly control the sequence of __________ in the formation of specific proteins.

A. Amino Acids
B. Enzymes
C. Hormones
D. Peptic acids

1, 2, & 3

Which of the following are mutagens?

1. Elevated temperatures
2. Ionizing radiation
3. Viruses

B. Measurable radiation-induced biologic damage

Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations are examples of:

A. Diseases that are not caused by ionizing radiation
B. Measurable radiation-induced biologic damage
C. Diseases caused by nonionizing radiation
D. Radiation-induced biologic damage that cannot be measured

a. Stochastic effects

Cancer in genetic defects are examples of:

a. Stochastic effects
b. Early tissue reactions
c. Birth defects
d. Late tissue reactions