Intermolecular Forces, Solutions, and Colligative Properties Flashcards

Flashcards on intermolecular forces, solutions, and colligative properties.

Polar Molecules

Formed by atoms with different electronegativity, resulting in a net dipole moment.

Nonpolar Molecules

Formed by atoms with the same electronegativity or symmetrical arrangements that cancel out polarity.

Intermolecular Forces

Interactions involving attraction or proximity between molecules.

Electrostatic Interaction

Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative charges of molecules.

Hydrogen Bonding

Attraction through F, O, or N atoms; strong polar interaction.

Ionic Force

Attraction between a metal and a nonmetal.

Ion-Dipole

Interaction between an ion and a polar molecule.

Ion-Induced Dipole

Ion induces a charge in a nonpolar molecule, causing momentary attraction.

London Dispersion Forces

Weakest intermolecular force, present in nonpolar molecules, noble gases, and diatomic molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attraction between polar molecules.

Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces

A polar molecule induces a temporary charge in a nonpolar molecule.

Solubility

The capacity of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.

Miscible Liquids

Liquids that will always dissolve in each other.

Hydrophilic Groups

Polar groups (OH, CHO, C=O, COOH, NH2) that are attracted to water.

Hydrophobic Groups

Nonpolar groups (C-H, C-C) that are repelled by water.

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to rise in a narrow tube against gravity, due to adhesive and cohesive forces.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of a liquid.

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of a liquid and the surface of a tube.

Surface Tension

The tendency of a liquid to form an elastic membrane at the surface due to cohesive forces.

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flow.

Vaporization

The change of state from liquid to gas.

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of liquid at a constant temperature.

Vapor Pressure

Dynamic equilibrium between molecules changing from liquid to gas and vice versa.

Boiling Point

Temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.

Phase Diagram

Graphical representation of the conditions of pressure and temperature under which a substance exists in different phases.

Critical Point

The temperature and pressure at which a gas and liquid can coexist in equilibrium.

Supercritical Fluid

A substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, exhibiting properties of both gas and liquid.

Solution

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances forming a single phase.

Solute

The component present in a lesser amount in a solution.

Solvent

The component present in a greater amount in a solution.

Entropy

Measure of the degree of disorder in a system.

Dilute Solution

Contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent

Concentrated Solution

Contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent

Saturated Solution

Contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution

Contains more solute than can normally be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend only on the concentration of solute particles, not their identity.

Vapor Pressure Depression

Decrease in vapor pressure of a solution relative to the pure solvent.

Boiling Point Elevation

Elevation of the boiling point of a solution relative to the pure solvent.

Freezing Point Depression

Reduction in the freezing point of a solution relative to the pure solvent.

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane.

Electrolyte

Substance that dissolves in water to produce ions and conduct electricity.

Strong Electrolyte

Electrolyte that completely dissociates into ions in solution.

Weak Electrolyte

Electrolyte that only partially dissociates into ions in solution.

Van't Hoff Factor

Factor to account for the dissociation of electrolytes in solutions.

Colloid

Heterogeneous mixture with particles dispersed in a solvent.