sexuality, disability and nationality on identity

how is sexuality related to British hegemonic identity

hegemonic male and female identities has sexual aspects to them such as stable relationships, sex appeal, attractiveness etc, in Britain the hegemonic sexual identity is heterosexual

how are male sexual identities changing

growth in gay movement and a crisis of masculinity has increased male concern on appearance and attractiveness

what is some evidence for the changing of male sexual identities

increase in the use of male cosmetic surgery, more eating disorders amongst men, growing concern for mens health, growing sexualisation of male bodies

how have british papers contributed to the growing change in male sexual identities

The Sun publishing the hall of shame for moobs with rude commentary about famous male figures in the 2000’s

how has mcrobbie described the change in male sexual identities

beauty stakes have gone up for men and women have taken up the position of active viewers

how are sexual identities usually stigmatised and spoiled

people are labelled as gay or lesbian in a derogatory fashion as initially this differed from the hegemonic identity of heterosexuality, experience some hostility in clubs and bars, employment discrimination etc

what are some examples of spoiled sexual identities

paedophiles, necrophilliacs, people who engage in beastiality etc

what is impression management and how can it relate to sexual identities

goffman’s theory that associates with labelling, says that individuals specifically those with stigmatised identities much manage how they act in public to either conceal or mask their true identity, may do this through engaging in different conversations

what is the British stance on sexuality

hegemonic is heterosexuality although there has been a rise in homosexuality due to policy changes and media representation which has decreased stigma and increased sexual diversity

when did same sex marriage become legal in the UK

2013

what is the pink pound

purchasing power of the LGBTQ community due to more disposable income in comparison with heterosexual couples (especially those with children) and a stronger desire to buy from LGBTQ supporting businesses

what are some examples of gay subcultures

camp, queens, macho men, gay cowboys

evaluate the change in sexual identities in Britain

important to note that while attitudes have become more relaxed, there is still a lot of homophobia and hatred in society, still restrictive laws in many countries and hate crimes still occur

how has the culture of pornography contributed towards women’s sexual identities

still heavily seen as sexual objects with a significance placed on the male gaze in media and in porn, many women are objectifies in media such as The Sun for how they look, women often stripped of their achievements and only shown for their looks

how may members of the LGBTQ community be discriminated against in Britain

standing for politics, fostering a child, bullying in schools, online abuse, discrimination in employment

who has the most choice in their sexual identity and why

men as they are not as culturally objectified as women are due to the culture of porn and the male gaze

impairment

loss limitation or difference of functioning of the mind or body

disability

when an impairment prevents people from carrying out normal day to day activities

what is a disability socially and who argues this

socially constructed as it depends on the environment you are in to see if the impairment becomes a disability, argued by shakespeare

what did shakespeare say about the normal in societies

disabilities only take place when people have additional needs to those that are ‘normal’, the stereotype of a normal body generates a stereotype for a disabled body, disability is the relationship between those with an impairment and society

what barriers may those with a disability face

inaccessible education or working environments, difficulty accessing public transport

what is the most likely way someone is to learn about a disability

through socialisation, specifically through the media where stereotypes and images are usually negative

what are some stereotypes of disability and who introduced them

Barnes, dependency on others, unable to contribute to society, no sex life, unable to speak for themselves, less than human, monsters, to be made fun of, to be pitied, need extra help

how does master status and disability link

if those with a disability cannot manage impressions to be the same as the “normal“ citizen then the disability is likely to become their master status as it is a differing factor, other aspects of their identity are usually ignored as disability is commonly a master status

what type of identity is disability likely to result in

stigmatised and sometimes spoiled, often an identity of exclusion

how can disability become an identity of exclusion

usually those that are disabled are thought to not be able to contribute to society in the same way as those who are able bodied can, results in a. master status of disability and a sense of exclusion

how can impression management link to disabled identities

those that are disabled may wish to hide it from other so that they can be seen as something else other than disabled, disability can spoil their identity

what is a common example of discrimination to those that are in a wheelchair

people usually speak to whoever is pushing the wheelchair rather than the disabled person themselves

nationality

rights and responsibilities of being a citizen of a nation, normally acquired through birth or marriage

nation

group of people associated with a geographical area that share a sense of culture, history and usually a language

nation state

nation with its own independent government controlling a geographical area, citizens share the same history and culture

example of nation states

portugal

what did hall say about nations

said that very nation has a collection of stories, symbols and shared experiences which people draw upon to construct their national identity, it is within the countries interest to provide a social identity

what are some aspects of a social identity that is provided in regards to having a national identity

flags, anthems, dances, festivals, spots, drinks, food, dress, music, rituals and ceremonies

how is nationality formed

through socialisation

what is an example of the formation of nationality within the USA

learning the pledge of allegiance at a young age, recited patriotic promise to the flag

how can the media reinforce a national identity

promoting and giving priority to national news such as events, crimes, issues eg royal events have priority in the UK to international crime

what did palmer say about heritage tourism

said that national identity can be reinforced through heritage tourism whereby sites are representing the history of the nation

what are some examples if heritage tourism in the UK

the stonehenge, warwick castle, the tower of london, national history museum

what can heritage tourism provide a nation with

legitimacy, reminds others that the state has a right to its national identity

how has British identity changed overtime

decline in British identity due to a range of nations within the nation state promoting their own national identities

nationalism

identification of ones identity as linked got a specific nation, embracing its values and traditions

what are some elements of British identity

predominantly ruling class eg speaking English, having British citizenship, being born in Britain, sharing British values

what is the main issue with the sense of British identity

decline in the definition and idea of what British identity may be, argued it is a sense of collective values such as social responsibility, freedom of speech etc but they are values that are encouraged for all western nations so there is a decline in the British identity

what are some reasons for a decline in British identity

hard to align with history as it is hugely based on slavery, historical battles were between states within Britain, increase in nations having their own identity eg welsh and irish, globalisation

how does globalisation contribute towards a decline in national identity

more exposure to global culture which allows people to change the integral aspects of nationality, more immigration brings more culture

who speaks about globalisation and national identity, what do they say

hall, globalisation results in the decline of national culture and makes more culture of hybridity

what is some evidence for a culture of hybridity

the British diet consisting of Indian, Chinese and Italian cuisine

what do postmodernists say about globalisation and nationality

globalisation mens people have more choice with their culture and therefore leads to a decline in significance of their nationality

what did Orr say about national identities

people can weaponise and vilify certain identities and rather turn to negative identities as a way to express themselves such as not British or not Muslim, usually as a response to radical nationalism

why has there been a decline of English-identifying people

use of the St Georges flag in the 1970s became very radical and patriotic, rise in far right political parties such as reform uk and the BNP have claimed the flag and therefore usually has negative connotations, some see the english identity as far right and racist ie tommy robinson and nigel farage

what is the British identity crisis

idea that there is a decline in the amount of people that see themselves as only British (evident in the 2021 census)

how many popes regard themselves as only British in the UK

less than 50%